1234
In this article, we will delve into the fascinating world of 1234, exploring its many facets and delving into its implications in today's society. 1234 has captured the attention of millions of people around the world, generating debate and reflection around its relevance and impact. Along these lines, we will analyze its evolution over time, as well as its influence in different areas, from culture to technology. Likewise, we will focus on the challenges and opportunities that 1234 currently presents, addressing its importance in a globalized and constantly changing context.
Year 1234 (MCCXXXIV) was a common year starting on Sunday (full calendar displayed in the link) of the Julian calendar.
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | |
| Decades: | |
| Years: |
| 1234 by topic |
|---|
| Leaders |
| Birth and death categories |
| Births – Deaths |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories |
| Establishments – Disestablishments |
| Art and literature |
| 1234 in poetry |
| Gregorian calendar | 1234 MCCXXXIV |
| Ab urbe condita | 1987 |
| Armenian calendar | 683 ԹՎ ՈՁԳ |
| Assyrian calendar | 5984 |
| Balinese saka calendar | 1155–1156 |
| Bengali calendar | 641 |
| Berber calendar | 2184 |
| English Regnal year | 18 Hen. 3 – 19 Hen. 3 |
| Buddhist calendar | 1778 |
| Burmese calendar | 596 |
| Byzantine calendar | 6742–6743 |
| Chinese calendar | 癸巳年 (Water Snake) 3931 or 3724 — to — 甲午年 (Wood Horse) 3932 or 3725 |
| Coptic calendar | 950–951 |
| Discordian calendar | 2400 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1226–1227 |
| Hebrew calendar | 4994–4995 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 1290–1291 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1155–1156 |
| - Kali Yuga | 4334–4335 |
| Holocene calendar | 11234 |
| Igbo calendar | 234–235 |
| Iranian calendar | 612–613 |
| Islamic calendar | 631–632 |
| Japanese calendar | Tenpuku 2 / Bunryaku 1 (文暦元年) |
| Javanese calendar | 1143–1144 |
| Julian calendar | 1234 MCCXXXIV |
| Korean calendar | 3567 |
| Minguo calendar | 678 before ROC 民前678年 |
| Nanakshahi calendar | −234 |
| Thai solar calendar | 1776–1777 |
| Tibetan calendar | 阴水蛇年 (female Water-Snake) 1360 or 979 or 207 — to — 阳木马年 (male Wood-Horse) 1361 or 980 or 208 |
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Events
By place
Europe
- King Canute II of Sweden ("the Tall") dies after a five-year reign. His rival, Eric XI ("the Lisp and Lame"), returns as ruler of Sweden (possibly after a civil war between the two of them). It is also possible that Canute dies of natural causes, and Eric peacefully then returns as king.
- King Andrew II of Hungary proclaims his son, Coloman of Galicia, as ruler (or ban) of Bosnia, who passes it on to Prijezda, a cousin of Matej Ninoslav, despite Matej being the legitimate ruler.
- Reconquista: King Sancho II of Portugal conquers the cities of Aljustrel and Mértola from the Moors.
Mongol Empire
- February 9 – Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty: The Mongol army led by Ögedei Khan captures the Jin capital at Caizhou, after the two-month Siege of Caizhou). Emperor Aizong of Jin abdicates the throne to Wanyan Chenglin, a descendant of the Jin imperial clan. After the Mongol and Song forces have breached the city walls, Aizong tries to escape, but commits suicide to avoid being captured. This marks the end of the Jin dynasty (1115–1234) ('Great Jin') in China.
Africa
- The Manden region rises against the Kaniaga Kingdom. This is the beginning of a process that will lead to the rise of the Mali Empire.
By topic
Religion
- November – Pope Gregory IX proclaims war on the city of Rome after a local revolt forces him into exile. He issues the papal bull Rachel suum videns, calling for a new crusade to the Holy Land.
- Lund Cathedral in Sweden is heavily damaged in a catastrophic fire. Large donations are made to the church, to rebuild the cathedral.
Births
- February 27 – Abaqa Khan, Mongol ruler of the Ilkhanate (d. 1282)
- Christina of Norway, Infanta of Castile, princess (d. 1262)
- Kaliman I, emperor (tsar) of Bulgaria (d. 1246)
- Conrad of Ascoli, Italian friar and missionary (d. 1289)
- Ippen (or Zuien), Japanese Buddhist monk (d. 1289)
- Manuel of Castile, Spanish prince (infante) (d. 1283)
- Margaret of Holland, Dutch noblewoman (d. 1276)
- Ou Shizi, Chinese Confucian scholar (d. 1324)
Deaths
- January 7 – Robert of Auvergne, bishop of Clermont
- February 9
- Aizong of Jin, Chinese emperor (b. 1198)
- Mo of Jin (or Hudun), Chinese emperor
- April 7 – Sancho VII ("the Strong"), king of Navarre
- April 16 – Richard Marshal, 3rd Earl of Pembroke, English nobleman (b. 1191)
- May 7 – Otto I, Duke of Merania, German nobleman and knight (b. 1180)
- June 18 – Chūkyō, emperor (tennō) of Japan (b. 1218)
- July 19 – Floris IV, Count of Holland, Dutch nobleman and knight (b. 1210)
- July 29 – William Pinchon, French prelate and bishop
- August 7 – Hugh Foliot, bishop of Hereford (b. 1155)
- August 31 – Go-Horikawa, emperor of Japan (b. 1212)
- September 6 – Milo of Nanteuil, bishop of Beauvais
- September 26 – Eudes II, Lord of Ham, French nobleman
- November 8 – Baha ad-Din ibn Shaddad, Arab historian (b. 1145)
- Abu Muhammad Salih al-Majiri, Almohad Sufi leader (b. 1155)
- Alan of Galloway, Scottish nobleman
- Canute II ("the Tall"), king of Sweden (House of Folkung)
- Dalfi d'Alvernha, Count of Clermont and Montferrand, French nobleman, troubador and patron of the arts (b. c. 1150)
- Helen of Galloway, Scottish noblewoman and heiress
- Hugh de Neville, English Chief Forester and sheriff
- Ibn al-Farid, Arab poet, writer and philosopher (b. 1181)
- Minamoto no Ienaga, Japanese waka poet (b. 1170)
- Nasir ad-Din Mahmud II, Zengid ruler
- Pacificus, Italian-born friar and poet
- Renard II of Dampierre-en-Astenois (or Renaud), French nobleman and knight
- Rhys Gryg (Rhys ap Rhys), Welsh prince of Deheubarth
- Robert III, Count of Dreux ("Gasteblé"), French nobleman (b. 1185)
- Shihab al-Din 'Umar al-Suhrawardi, Persian Sufi scholar (b. 1145)
- William of Andres, French abbot and historian
- Zhang Yuansu, Chinese physician and writer
References
- ^ Picard, Christophe (2000). Le Portugal musulman (VIIIe-XIIIe siècle. L'Occident d'al-Andalus sous domination islamique. Paris: Maisonneuve & Larose. p. 110. ISBN 2-7068-1398-9.
- ^ Beck, Sanderson. "Liao, Xi Xia, and Jin Dynasties 907–1234". China 7 BC to 1279.
- ^ Conrad, David C. (2001). "Reconstructing oral tradition: Souleymane Kanté's approach to writing Mande history". Mande Studies. 3: 147–200. doi:10.2979/mnd.2001.a873349.
- ^ Hywel Williams (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History, p. 138. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.
- ^ Krötzl, Christian; Kuuliala, Jenni; Mustakallio, Katariina (March 9, 2016). Infirmity in Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Taylor & Francis. p. 108. ISBN 9781317116950.