Native American tribes in Texas is a topic that has been the subject of debate and reflection throughout history. From its origin to the present, this topic has aroused the interest of experts and fans, generating discussions in various areas. Over the years, Native American tribes in Texas has undergone significant changes, both in its perception and in its impact on society. In this article, we will explore the different aspects related to Native American tribes in Texas, analyzing its evolution over time and its relevance today. In addition, we will examine the different perspectives and approaches that have been addressed in relation to this topic, with the aim of offering a comprehensive and enriching vision.
Texas has "no legal mechanism to recognize tribes," as journalists Graham Lee Brewer and Tristan Ahtone wrote.State-recognized tribes do not have the government-to-government relationship with the United States federal government that federally recognized tribes do. Texas has no state-recognized tribes.
Texas Senate Bill 274 to formally recognize the Lipan Apache Tribe of Texas, introduced in January 2021, died in committee.
Historical tribes of Texas
These are some of the tribes that have existed in what is now Texas. Many were forcibly removed to Indian Territory, now Oklahoma, in the 19th century, and few to New Mexico. Others no longer exist as tribes but may have living descendants.
More than 30 organizations claim to represent historic tribes within Texas; however, these groups are unrecognized, meaning they do not meet the minimum criteria of federally recognized tribes and are not state-recognized tribes. Some of these cultural heritage groups form 501(c)(3)nonprofit organizations.
^Newland, Bryan (30 April 2022). "Federal Tribal Recognition". Office of Congressional and Legislative Affairs. US Department of the Interior. Retrieved 23 November 2021.
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^Campbell, Thomas N. (1 June 1995). "Aranama Indiams". Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 1 May 2022.
^ abcdWilhelm, Kerri (10 February 2015). "The Akokisa and the Atakapans". Texas Archaeological Research Laboratory. University of Texas, Austin. Retrieved 1 May 2022.
^Campbell, Thomas N. "Deadose Indians". Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 1 May 2022.
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^ abcdefghijklmnRogers, J. Daniel; Sabo III, George (2004). Fogelson, Raymond D. (ed.). Handbook of North American Indians: Southeast, Vol. 14. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. p. 617. ISBN0-16-072300-0.
^Campbell, Thomas N. "Comecrudo Indians". Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 1 May 2022.
^Campbell, Thomas N. "Ervipiame Indians". Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 1 May 2022.
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^Campbell, Thomas N. "Pajalat Indians". Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 1 May 2022.
^Campbell, Thomas N. "Pastia Indians". Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 1 May 2022.
^Campbell, Thomas N. "Payaya Indians". Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 1 May 2022.
^Campbell, Thomas N. "Quepano Indians". Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 1 May 2022.
^Campbell, Thomas N. "Unpuncliegut Indians". Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 1 May 2022.
^Campbell, Thomas N. "Xarame Indians". Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 1 May 2022.
^Campbell, Thomas N. "Dotchetonne Indians". Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 1 May 2022.
^Campbell, Thomas N. "Escanjaque Indians". Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 1 May 2022.
^Hickerson, Nancy P. "Jumano Indians". Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 1 May 2022.
† extinct language / ≠ extinct tribe / >< early, obsolete name of Indigenous tribe / ° people absorbed into other tribe(s) / * headquartered in Oklahoma today