Open-mid front unrounded vowel

In this article, we will explore the fascinating world of Open-mid front unrounded vowel and all the various facets that make it so relevant in today's society. From its impact in the professional field to its influence on popular culture, Open-mid front unrounded vowel has been the subject of countless studies and analyzes that allow us to better understand its importance and scope. Through different perspectives and opinions, we will delve into the complex universe of Open-mid front unrounded vowel to discover its multiple implications and how it has evolved over time. Get ready for an exciting journey through the dimensions of Open-mid front unrounded vowel and everything it has to offer.

Vowel sound represented by ⟨ɛ⟩ in IPA

Open-mid front unrounded vowel
ɛ
IPA Number	303
Audio sample
source · help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)	ɛ
Unicode (hex)	U+025B
X-SAMPA	E
Braille
Image

IPA: Vowels
Front Central Back Close i y ɨ ʉ ɯ u Near-close ɪ ʏ ʊ Close-mid e ø ɘ ɵ ɤ o Mid e̞ ø̞ ə ɤ̞ o̞ Open-mid ɛ œ ɜ ɞ ʌ ɔ Near-open æ ɐ Open a ɶ ä ɑ ɒ
IPA help  audio full chart template Legend: unrounded • rounded

The open-mid front unrounded vowel, or low-mid front unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is a Latinized variant of the Greek lowercase epsilon, ⟨ɛ⟩.

Features

• Its vowel height is open-mid, also known as low-mid, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between an open vowel (a low vowel) and a mid vowel.
• Its vowel backness is front, which means the tongue is positioned forward in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
• It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.

Occurrence

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Akan (Twi)		ɛyɛ		'it is good/fine'	See Akan phonology
Arabic					See Imāla
Armenian	Eastern	էջ/ēj		'page'
Bavarian	Amstetten dialect	[example needed]			Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨æ⟩.
Bengali		এক/ek		'one'	Alternative transcription and phonetic realisation of and an allophone of . See Bengali phonology
Bulgarian		пет/pet		'five'	See Bulgarian phonology
Catalan		set		'seven'	See Catalan phonology
Chinese	Mandarin	天 / tiān	ⓘ	'sky'	Height varies between mid and open depending on the speaker. See Standard Chinese phonology
Chuvash		ҫепĕç		'gentle, tender'
Czech		led		'ice'	In Bohemian Czech, this vowel varies between open-mid front , open-mid near-front and mid near-front [ɛ̝̈]. See Czech phonology
Danish	Standard	frisk		'fresh'	Most often transcribed in IPA with ⟨æ⟩. See Danish phonology
Dutch	Standard	bed	ⓘ	'bed'	See Dutch phonology
	The Hague	jij	ⓘ	'you'	Corresponds to in standard Dutch.
English	General American	bed	ⓘ	'bed'
	Northern England				May be somewhat lowered.
	Received Pronunciation				Older RP speakers pronounce a closer vowel [e̞]. See English phonology
	General Australian				Realization of , particularly by younger speakers. See Australian English phonology
	Scottish
	Cockney	fat		'fat'
	Singaporean
	New Zealand				See New Zealand English phonology
	Some Broad South African speakers				Other speakers realize this vowel as [æ] or [a]. See South African English phonology
	Belfast	days		'days'	Pronounced in closed syllables; corresponds to in RP.
	Zulu	mate		'mate'	Speakers exhibit a met-mate merger.
Faroese		frekt		'greedy'	See Faroese phonology
French		bête	ⓘ	'beast'	See French phonology
Galician		ferro		'iron'	See Galician phonology
Georgian		გედი/gedi		'swan'
German	Standard	Bett	ⓘ	'bed'	Also described as mid [ɛ̝]. See Standard German phonology
	Franconian accent	oder		'or'	Used instead of [ɐ]. See Standard German phonology
	Coastal Northern accents
	Swabian accent	fett		'fat'	Contrasts with the close-mid [e]. See Standard German phonology
	Western Swiss accents	See		'lake'	Close-mid [eː] in other accents; contrasts with the near-open [æː]. See Standard German phonology
Hindustani	Hindi	रहना		'to stay'	See Hindustani phonology
	Urdu	رہنا
Hungarian		lesz		'will be'	Allophone of .
Italian		bene	ⓘ	'good'	See Italian phonology
Kaingang		mbre		'with'
Korean		매미 / maemi		'cicada'	See Korean phonology
Kurdish	Kurmanji (Northern)	hevde		'seventeen'	See Kurdish phonology
	Sorani (Central)	هه‌ڤده/hevde
	Pehlewî (Southern)
Limburgish		crème		'cream'	The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect.
Lithuanian		mesti		'throw'	See Lithuanian phonology
Lower Sorbian		serp		'sickle'
Luxembourgish		Stär		'star'	Allophone of /eː/ before /ʀ/. See Luxembourgish phonology
Macedonian	Standard	мед/med		'honey'	See Macedonian language § Vowels
Malay	Standard	paling		'to play'	Possible realisation of /i/ and /e/ in closed final syllables. See Malay phonology
	Negeri Sembilan	cepat		'quick'	See Negeri Sembilan Malay
	Kelatan-Pattani	ayam		'chicken'	See Kelatan-Pattani
	Terengganu	biasa		'normal'	See Terengganu Malay
	Perak	mata		'eye'	See Perak Malay
Norman	Jersey	affaûrder		'to afford'
Norwegian	Sognamål	pest		'plague'	See Norwegian phonology
Occitan		grèga		'Greek'	See Occitan phonology
Polish		ten	ⓘ	'this one' (nom. m.)	See Polish phonology
Portuguese	Most dialects	pé		'foot'	Stressed vowel might be lower [æ]. The presence and use of other unstressed ⟨e⟩ allophones, such as , varies according to dialect.
	Some speakers	tempo		'time'	Timbre differences for nasalized vowels are mainly kept in European Portuguese. See Portuguese phonology
Romanian	Transylvanian dialects	vede		'(he) sees'	Corresponds to mid [e̞] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
Russian		это/eto	ⓘ	'this'	See Russian phonology
Shiwiar		[example needed]			Allophone of /a/.
Slovene		met		'throw' (n.)	See Slovene phonology
Spanish	Eastern Andalusian	las madres		'the mothers'	Corresponds to [e̞] in other dialects, but in these dialects they are distinct. See Spanish phonology
	Murcian
Swahili		shule		'school'
Swedish	Central Standard	ät		'eat' (imp.)	Somewhat retracted. See Swedish phonology
Tagalog		peke		'fake'	See Tagalog phonology
Telugu		చేప		'Fish'
		మేక		'Goat'
Thai		แตร / trae		'horn (instrument)'
Turkish		ülke		'country'	Allophone of /e/ described variously as "word-final" and "occurring in final open syllable of a phrase". See Turkish phonology
Ukrainian		день/den'		'day'	See Ukrainian phonology
Upper Sorbian		čelo		'calf'
Welsh		nesaf		'next'	See Welsh phonology
West Frisian		beppe		'grandma'	See West Frisian phonology
Yoruba		ẹsẹ̀		'leg'

See also

• Index of phonetics articles

Notes

1. ^ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
2. ^ Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 13.
3. ^ Traunmüller (1982), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:290)
4. ^ Khan (2010), p. 222.
5. ^ Ternes & Vladimirova-Buhtz (1999), p. 56.
6. ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 54.
7. ^ Lin (2007), p. 65.
8. ^ ^{a b} Dankovičová (1999), p. 72.
9. ^ Šimáčková, Podlipský & Chládková (2012), p. 228.
10. ^ Grønnum (1998), p. 100.
11. ^ Basbøll (2005), p. 45.
12. ^ Gussenhoven (1992), p. 47.
13. ^ Collins & Mees (2003), p. 136.
14. ^ Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009a).
15. ^ ^{a b} Lodge (2009), p. 163.
16. ^ Schmitt (2007), pp. 322–323.
17. ^ "Received Pronunciation". British Library. Retrieved 2013-05-26.
18. ^ Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006), p. 7.
19. ^ Hughes & Trudgill (1979), p. 35.
20. ^ Bet Hashim & Brown (2000).
21. ^ Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009b).
22. ^ Lanham (1967), p. 9.
23. ^ "Week 18 (ii). Northern Ireland" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-05-26.
24. ^ "Rodrik Wade, MA Thesis, Ch 4: Structural characteristics of Zulu English". Archived from the original on May 17, 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-17.
25. ^ Árnason (2011), pp. 68, 75.
26. ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
27. ^ Collins & Mees (2013), p. 225.
28. ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006), pp. 261–262.
29. ^ Hall (2003), pp. 82, 107.
30. ^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 34.
31. ^ Kohler (1999), p. 87.
32. ^ ^{a b c} Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 40.
33. ^ ^{a b} Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 64.
34. ^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 65.
35. ^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), pp. 34, 65.
36. ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 119.
37. ^ Jolkesky (2009), pp. 676–677, 682.
38. ^ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), p. 159.
39. ^ Peters (2006), p. 119.
40. ^ Verhoeven (2007), p. 221.
41. ^ ^{a b} Stone (2002), p. 600.
42. ^ ^{a b} Gilles & Trouvain (2013), p. 70.
43. ^ Friedman (2001:10)
44. ^ Lunt (1952:10–11)
45. ^ Haugen (2004), p. 30.
46. ^ Jassem (2003), p. 105.
47. ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
48. ^ Variação inter- e intra-dialetal no português brasileiro: um problema para a teoria fonológica – Seung-Hwa LEE & Marco A. de Oliveira Archived 2014-12-15 at the Wayback Machine
49. ^ Lista das marcas dialetais e ouros fenómenos de variação (fonética e fonológica) identificados nas amostras do Arquivo Dialetal do CLUP
50. ^ Pop (1938), p. 29.
51. ^ Jones & Ward (1969), p. 41.
52. ^ Fast Mowitz (1975), p. 2.
53. ^ ^{a b} Zamora Vicente (1967), p. ?.
54. ^ ^{a b} Engstrand (1999), p. 140.
55. ^ ^{a b} Göksel & Kerslake (2005), p. 10.
56. ^ ^{a b} Zimmer & Orgun (1999), p. 155.
57. ^ Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
58. ^ Šewc-Schuster (1984), p. 20.
59. ^ Tiersma (1999), p. 10.
60. ^ Bamgboṣe (1966), p. 166.

References

• Árnason, Kristján (2011), The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-922931-4
• Bamgboṣe, Ayọ (1966), A Grammar of Yoruba, , Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
• Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 0-203-97876-5
• Bet Hashim, Suzanna; Brown, Adam (2000), "The and vowels in Singapore English", in Brown, Adam; Deterding, David; Ling, Low Ee Ling (eds.), The English Language in Singapore: Research on Pronunciation, Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics, pp. 84–92, ISBN 981-04-2598-8
• Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618, S2CID 249411809
• Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) , The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 9004103406
• Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2013) , Practical Phonetics and Phonology: A Resource Book for Students (3rd ed.), Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-50650-2
• Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223, S2CID 249414876
• Dankovičová, Jana (1999), "Czech", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 70–74, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
• Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995), Ukrainian, Lincom Europa, ISBN 9783929075083
• Dudenredaktion; Kleiner, Stefan; Knöbl, Ralf (2015) , Das Aussprachewörterbuch (in German) (7th ed.), Berlin: Dudenverlag, ISBN 978-3-411-04067-4
• Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
• Engstrand, Olle (1999), "Swedish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 140–142, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
• Fast Mowitz, Gerhard (1975), Sistema fonológico del idioma achual, Lima: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano
• Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L. (1993), "French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874, S2CID 249404451
• Friedman, Victor (2001), "Macedonian", in Garry, Jane; Rubino, Carl (eds.), Facts about the World's Languages: An Encyclopedia of the Worlds Major Languages, Past and Present, New York: Holt, pp. 435–439
• Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
• Göksel, Asli; Kerslake, Celia (2005), Turkish: a comprehensive grammar, Routledge, ISBN 978-0415114943
• Grønnum, Nina (1998), "Illustrations of the IPA: Danish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 28 (1 & 2): 99–105, doi:10.1017/s0025100300006290, S2CID 249412109
• Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X, S2CID 243772965
• Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor (1999), "The dialect of Maastricht" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 29 (2), University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies: 155–166, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006526, S2CID 145782045
• Hall, Christopher (2003) , Modern German pronunciation: An introduction for speakers of English (2nd ed.), Manchester: Manchester University Press, ISBN 0-7190-6689-1
• Haugen, Ragnhild (2004), Språk og språkhaldningar hjå ungdomar i Sogndal (PDF), Bergen: Universitetet i Bergen
• Hughes, Arthur; Trudgill, Peter (1979), English Accents and Dialects: An Introduction to Social and Regional Varieties of British English, Baltimore: University Park Press
• Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
• Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2009), "Fonologia e prosódia do Kaingáng falado em Cacique Doble", Anais do SETA, 3, Campinas: Editora do IEL-UNICAMP: 675–685
• Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press
• Khan, Sameer ud Dowla (2010), "Bengali (Bangladeshi Standard)" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 40 (2): 221–225, doi:10.1017/S0025100310000071
• Kohler, Klaus J. (1999), "German", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 86–89, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
• Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
• Lanham, Len W. (1967), The pronunciation of South African English, Cape Town: Balkema
• Lin, Yen-Hwei (2007), The Sounds of Chinese, Cambridge University Press
• Lodge, Ken (2009), A Critical Introduction to Phonetics, Continuum International Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-8264-8873-2
• Lunt, Horace G. (1952), Grammar of the Macedonian Literary Language, Skopje{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Mannell, R.; Cox, F.; Harrington, J. (2009a), An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology, Macquarie University
• Mannell, R.; Cox, F.; Harrington, J. (2009b), An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology, Macquarie University
• Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428
• Pop, Sever (1938), Micul Atlas Linguistic Român, Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj
• Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
• Schmitt, Holger (2007), "The case for the epsilon symbol (ɛ) in RP DRESS", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (3): 321–328, doi:10.1017/S0025100307003131, S2CID 143444452
• Scobbie, James M; Gordeeva, Olga B.; Matthews, Benjamin (2006), Acquisition of Scottish English Phonology: an overview, Edinburgh: QMU Speech Science Research Centre Working Papers
• Šewc-Schuster, Hinc (1984), Gramatika hornjo-serbskeje rěče, Budyšin: Ludowe nakładnistwo Domowina
• Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
• Šimáčková, Šárka; Podlipský, Václav Jonáš; Chládková, Kateřina (2012), "Czech spoken in Bohemia and Moravia" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 42 (2): 225–232, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000102
• Stone, Gerald (2002), "Sorbian (Upper and Lower)", in Comrie, Bernard; Corbett, Greville G. (eds.), The Slavonic Languages, London and New York: Routledge, pp. 593–685, ISBN 9780415280785
• Ternes, Elmer; Vladimirova-Buhtz, Tatjana (1999), "Bulgarian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 55–57, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
• Tiersma, Peter Meijes (1999) , Frisian Reference Grammar (2nd ed.), Ljouwert: Fryske Akademy, ISBN 90-6171-886-4
• Traunmüller, Hartmut (1982), "Vokalismus in der westniederösterreichischen Mundart.", Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik, 2: 289–333
• Verhoeven, Jo (2007), "The Belgian Limburg dialect of Hamont", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (2): 219–225, doi:10.1017/S0025100307002940
• Watkins, Justin W. (2001), "Illustrations of the IPA: Burmese" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 31 (2): 291–295, doi:10.1017/S0025100301002122, S2CID 232344700
• Zamora Vicente, Alonso (1967), Dialectología española (2nd ed.), Biblioteca Romanica Hispanica, Editorial Gredos, ISBN 9788424911157
• Zimmer, Karl; Orgun, Orhan (1999), "Turkish" (PDF), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 154–158, ISBN 0-521-65236-7, archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-07-25, retrieved 2015-11-21

External links

• List of languages with [ɛ] on PHOIBLE