Open central unrounded vowel

In this article we will delve into the fascinating world of Open central unrounded vowel, exploring its origins, its relevance in today's society and its impact on different areas of life. Open central unrounded vowel has been the subject of interest and debate throughout history, motivating philosophers, scientists, artists and people from all walks of life to delve deeper into its meaning and repercussions. Through a detailed analysis, we will examine the most relevant aspects of Open central unrounded vowel, from its first manifestations to its presence today, with the aim of providing a comprehensive and enriching vision of this diverse and exciting topic.

Open central unrounded vowel
ä
ɐ̞
IPA Number304 415
Audio sample
Encoding
Entity (decimal)ä
Unicode (hex)U+00E4
X-SAMPAa_" or a

The open central unrounded vowel, or low central unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in many spoken languages. While the International Phonetic Alphabet officially has no dedicated letter for this sound between front [a] and back [ɑ], it is normally written ⟨a⟩. If precision is required, it can be specified by using diacritics, typically centralized ⟨ä⟩.

However, it has been argued that the purported distinction between a front and central open vowel is based on outdated phonetic theories, and that cardinal is the only open vowel, while , like , is a near-open vowel.[clarification needed]

It is usual to use plain ⟨a⟩ for an open central vowel and, if needed, ⟨æ⟩ for an open front vowel. Sinologists may use the letter ⟨ᴀ⟩ (small capital A). The IPA has voted against officially adopting this symbol in 1976, 1989, and 2012.

Features

  • Its vowel height is open, also known as low, which means the tongue is positioned far from the roof of the mouth – that is, low in the mouth.
  • Its vowel backness is central, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a front vowel and a back vowel. This often subsumes open (low) front vowels, because the tongue does not have as much flexibility in positioning as it does for the close (high) vowels; the difference between an open front vowel and an open back vowel is equal to the difference between a close front and a close central vowel, or a close central and a close back vowel.
  • It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.

Occurrence

Most languages have some form of an unrounded open vowel. Because the IPA uses ⟨a⟩ for both front and central unrounded open vowels, it is not always clear whether a particular language uses the former or the latter. However, there may not actually be a difference. (See Vowel#Acoustics.)

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Burmese မာ / ma 'hard' Oral allophone of /a/ in open syllables; realized as near-open [ɐ] in other environments.
Catalan sac 'bag' See Catalan phonology
Chinese Mandarin 塌／tā ⓘ 'collapse' See Standard Chinese phonology
Czech prach 'dust' See Czech phonology
Danish Standard barn 'child' Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɑː⟩. See Danish phonology
Dutch zaal 'hall' Ranges from front to central; in non-standard accents it may be back. See Dutch phonology
English Australian bra 'bra' Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɐː⟩. See Australian English phonology
East Anglian Used mostly by middle-class speakers; can be front [aː] instead.
General American In the Midwest. Can be back [ɑː] instead.
New Zealand Can be more front [a̠ː] and/or higher instead. It may be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɐː⟩. See New Zealand English phonology
Mid-Ulster
Can be more front [a] instead.
trap 'trap'
Some Canadian and Californian speakers See Canadian Shift and English phonology
Multicultural London English More front [a] in other Southern England English.
Northern England English More front [a] in Scouse.
French Parisian patte 'paw' Older speakers have two contrastive open vowels: front /a/ and back /ɑ/. See French phonology
German Katze 'cat' Can be more front or more back in regional Standard German. See Standard German phonology
Hindi आकार / akaar 'shape' Contrasts with the Mid-central vowel . See Hindi phonology.
Hungarian láb 'leg' See Hungarian phonology
Italian casa 'home' See Italian phonology
Japanese 蚊 / ka ⓘ 'mosquito' See Japanese phonology
Limburgish Hamont-Achel dialect zaak 'business' Front [aː] in other dialects.
Lithuanian ratas 'wheel' See Lithuanian phonology
Malay Standard رق / rak 'shelf' See Malay phonology
Kelantan-Pattani سست / sesat 'lost' See Kelantan-Pattani Malay
Malayalam വാൾ 'sword' See Malayalam phonology
Polish kat ⓘ 'executioner' See Polish phonology
Portuguese vá 'go' See Portuguese phonology
Romanian cal 'horse' See Romanian phonology
Serbo-Croatian пас / pas 'dog' See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Spanish rata 'rat' See Spanish phonology
Swedish Central Standard bank 'bank' Also described as front [a]. See Swedish phonology
Thai บางกอก / baang-gɔ̀ɔk ⓘ 'Bangkok' See Thai phonology
Turkish Standard at 'horse' Also described as back [ɑ]. See Turkish phonology
Welsh siarad 'talk' See Welsh phonology
Yoruba àbá 'idea' See Yoruba phonology

Notes

  1. ^ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
  2. ^ Geoff Lindsey, The vowel space, March 27, 2013
  3. ^ Wells (1976).
  4. ^ International Phonetic Association (1989), p. 74.
  5. ^ Keating (2012).
  6. ^ a b Watkins (2001), pp. 292–293.
  7. ^ Lee & Zee (2003), pp. 110–111.
  8. ^ Dankovičová (1999), p. 72.
  9. ^ Šimáčková, Podlipský & Chládková (2012), p. 228.
  10. ^ Grønnum (1998), p. 100.
  11. ^ a b Collins & Mees (2003), p. 104.
  12. ^ Verhoeven (2005), p. 245.
  13. ^ Cox & Fletcher (2017), pp. 64–65.
  14. ^ a b Trudgill (2004), p. 172.
  15. ^ a b Wells (1982), p. 476.
  16. ^ a b Bauer et al. (2007), p. 98.
  17. ^ a b Hay, Maclagan & Gordon (2008), pp. 21–23.
  18. ^ Esling & Warkentyne (1993), p. ?.
  19. ^ Boberg (2004), pp. 361–362.
  20. ^ Kerswill, Torgerson & Fox (2006), p. 30.
  21. ^ Boberg (2004), p. 361.
  22. ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
  23. ^ a b Collins & Mees (2013), pp. 226–227.
  24. ^ Kohler (1999), p. 87.
  25. ^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 34.
  26. ^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 64.
  27. ^ Szende (1994), p. 92.
  28. ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 119.
  29. ^ Okada (1999), p. 117.
  30. ^ Verhoeven (2007), p. 221.
  31. ^ Jassem (2003), p. 105.
  32. ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
  33. ^ Sarlin (2014), p. 18.
  34. ^ Kordić (2006), p. 4.
  35. ^ Landau et al. (1999), p. 67.
  36. ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 256.
  37. ^ Engstrand (1999), p. 140.
  38. ^ Riad (2014), p. 35.
  39. ^ Bolander (2001), p. 55.
  40. ^ Rosenqvist (2007), p. 9.
  41. ^ Tingsabadh & Abramson (1993), p. 25.
  42. ^ Zimmer & Orgun (1999), p. 155.
  43. ^ Göksel & Kerslake (2005), p. 10.
  44. ^ Bamgboṣe (1966), p. 166.

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