Turks in Algeria

In today's article we will explore Turks in Algeria, a topic that has generated interest and debate over time. Turks in Algeria is a fundamental element in the lives of many people, and its impact extends to different aspects, from daily life to the professional field. Throughout this article, we will take an in-depth look at the different facets of Turks in Algeria, from its origins to its relevance today. In addition, we will examine the opinions of experts in the field and present concrete examples that will illustrate the importance of Turks in Algeria in contemporary society. Get ready to immerse yourself in a fascinating journey through the world of Turks in Algeria!

Turkish women of Algeria in their traditional dress (c. 1876–1888).

The Turks in Algeria, also commonly referred to as Algerian Turks, Algerian-Turkish Algero-Turkish and Turkish-Algerians were the ethnic Turkish and renegades who emigrated to Algeria during the Ottoman period. A significant number of Turks intermarried with the native population, and the male offspring of these marriages were referred to as Kouloughlis (Turkish: kuloğlu) due to their mixed Turkish and central Maghrebi heritage. However, in general, intermarriage was discouraged, in order to preserve the "Turkishness" of the community. Consequently, the terms "Turks" and "Kouloughlis" have traditionally been used to distinguish between those of full and partial Turkish ancestry.

History

Ottoman era (1515–1830)

Hayreddin Barbarossa, an Ottoman admiral, was the founder of the Regency of Algiers (Ottoman Algeria).

The foundation of Ottoman Algeria was directly linked to the establishment of the Ottoman province (beylerbeylik) of the Maghreb at the beginning of the 16th century. At the time, fearing that their city would fall into Spanish hands, the inhabitants of Algiers called upon Ottoman corsairs for help. Headed by Oruç Reis and his brother Hayreddin Barbarossa, they took over the rule of the city and started to expand their territory into the surrounding areas. Sultan Selim I (r. 1512–20) agreed to assume control of the Maghreb regions ruled by Hayreddin as a province, granting the rank of governor-general (beylerbey) to Hayreddin. In addition, the Sultan sent 2,000 janissaries, accompanied by about 4,000 volunteers to the newly established Ottoman province of the Maghreb, whose capital was to be the city of Algiers. These Turks, mainly from Anatolia, called each other "yoldaş" (a Turkish word meaning "comrade") and called their sons born of unions with local women "Kuloğlus", which implied that they considered their children's status as that of the Sultan's servants. Likewise, to indicate in the registers that a certain person is an offspring of a Turk and a local woman, the note "ibn al-turki" (or "kuloglu") was added to his name.

The exceptionally-high number of Turks greatly affected the character of the city of Algiers and that of the province at large. In 1587, the province was divided into three different provinces, which were established where the modern states of Algeria, Libya and Tunisia were to emerge. Each of the provinces was headed by a Pasha sent from Constantinople for a three-year term. The division of the Maghreb launched the process that led eventually to the janissary corps' rule over the province. From the end of the 16th century, Algiers's Ottoman elite chose to emphasise its Turkish identity and to nurture its Turkish character to a point at which it became an ideology.

The lifestyle, language, religion, and area of origin of the Ottoman elite's members created remarkable differences between the Algerian Ottoman elite and the indigenous population. For example, members of the elite adhered to Hanafi law while the rest of the population subscribed to the Maliki school. Most of the elites originated from non-Arab regions of the Empire. Furthermore, most members of the elite spoke Ottoman Turkish while the local population spoke Algerian Arabic and even differed from the rest of the population in their dress.

Recruiting the military-administrative elite

From its establishment, the military-administrative elite worked to reinvigorate itself by enlisting volunteers from non-Arab regions of the Ottoman Empire, mainly from Anatolia. Hence, local recruiting of Arabs was almost unheard of and during the 18th century a more or less permanent network of recruiting officers was kept in some coastal Anatolian cities and on some of the islands of the Aegean Sea. The recruitment policy was therefore one of the means employed to perpetuate the Turkishness of the Ottoman elite and was practiced until the fall of the province in 1830.

Marriages to local women and the Kuloğlus

Contrary to all custom, Ahmed Bey ben Mohamed Chérif, a kouloughli, was the last Ottoman Bey of Constantine, in the Regency of Algiers, ruling from 1826 to 1848.

During the 18th century, the militia practiced a restrictive policy on marriages between its members and local women. A married soldier would lose his right of residence in one of the city's eight barracks and the daily ration of bread to which he was entitled. He would also lose his right to purchase a variety of products at a preferential price. Nonetheless, the militia's marriage policy made clear distinctions among holders of different ranks: the higher the rank, the more acceptable the marriage of its holder. This policy can be understood as part of the Ottoman elite's effort to perpetuate its Turkishness and to maintain its segregation from the rest of the population. Furthermore, the militia's marriage policy, in part, emerged from fear of an increase in the number of the kuloğlus.

The kuloğlus refer to the male offspring of members of the Ottoman elite and the local Algerian women. Due to their link to the local Algerian population via his maternal family, the kuloğlus' loyalty to the Ottoman elite was suspected because of the fear that they might develop another loyalty and so they were considered a potential danger to the elite. However, the son of a non-local woman, herself an "outsider" in the local population, represented no such danger to the Ottoman elite. Therefore, the Algerian Ottoman elite had a clear policy dictating the perpetuation of its character as a special social group, which was separated from the local population.

Nonetheless, John Douglas Ruedy points out that the kuloğlus also sought to protect their Turkishness:

"Proud and distinctive appearing, Kouloughlis often pretended to speak only Turkish and insisted on worshipping in Hanafi mosques with men of their own ethnic background. In times of emergency they were called upon to supplement the forces of the ojaq."

In the neighbouring province of Tunisia, the maintenance of the Turkishness of the ruling group was not insisted upon, and the kuloğlus could reach the highest ranks of government. However, the janissary corps had lost its supremacy first to the Muradid dynasty (Murad Bey's son was appointed bey), and then to the Husainid dynasty. The Tunisian situation partly explains the continuation of the Algerian janissary corps' recruitment policy and the manifest will to distance the kuloğlus from the real centres of power. Nonetheless, high-ranking kuloğlus were in the service of the ocak, in military and in administrative capacities, occupying posts explicitly considered out of bounds for them; although there were no kuloğlus who was dey during the 18th century, this seems to be the only exception.

French era (1830–1962)

Once Algeria came under French colonial rule in 1830, approximately 10,000 Turks were expelled and shipped off to Smyrna; moreover, many Turks (alongside other natives) fled to other regions of the Ottoman realms, particularly to Palestine, Syria, Arabia, and Egypt. Nonetheless, by 1832, many Algerian-Turkish descended families, who had not left Algeria, joined a coalition with Emir Abdelkader in order to forge the beginning of a powerful resistance movement against French colonial rule.

Culture

The Ketchaoua Mosque (Turkish: Keçiova Camii) in Algiers was built in 1612 by the Ottoman Turks. It was recently restored by the Turkish government.

Due to the three centuries of Ottoman rule in Algeria, today many cultural (particularly in regards to food, religion, and dress - and to a lesser extent language), architectural, as well as musical elements of Algeria are of Turkish origin or influence.

Language

During the Ottoman era, the Ottoman Turkish language was the official governing language in the region, and the Turkish language was spoken mostly by the Algerian Turkish community. However, today most Algerian Turks speak the Arabic language as their mother tongue. Nonetheless, the legacy of the Turkish language is still apparent and has influenced many words and vocabulary in Algeria. An estimated 634 Turkish words are still used in Algeria today. Therefore, in Algerian Arabic it is possible for a single sentence to include an Arabic subject, a French verb, and for the predicate to be in Berber or Turkish.

Moreover, families of Turkish origin have retained their Turkish family surnames; common names include Barbaros, Hayreddin, Osmanî, Stambouli, Torki, Turki, and Uluçali; job titles or functions have also become family names within the Algerian-Turkish community (such as Hazneci, Demirci, Başterzi, Silahtar).

The Hassan Pasha Mosque (Turkish: Paşa Camii) in Oran was built in 1797 by the Ottoman Turks.

Religion

The Ottoman Turks brought the teaching of the Hanafi law of Sunni Islam to Algeria; consequently, their lifestyle created remarkable differences between the Ottoman Turks and the indigenous population because the ethnic Arabs and Berbers practiced the Maliki school.

Today, the Hanafi school is still practiced among the Turkish descended families. Moreover, the Ottoman mosques in Algeria - which are still used by the Turkish minority - are distinguishable by their octagonal minarets which were built in accordance with the traditions of the Hanafi rite.

Cuisine

Today the Turkish heritage in Algeria is most notably present in their cuisine which they have introduced to Algeria (such as Turkish coffee, Lahmacun, Böreks, desserts and pastries).

Demographics

Areas of settlement

The Aïn El Turk (the "Fountain of the Turks") in Oran is one of several regions in Algeria named after the Turks.

During the Ottoman era, urban society in the coastal cities of Algeria evolved into an ethnic mix of Arabs, Berbers, Turks and Kouloughlis as well as other ethnic groups (Moors, and Jews). Thus, the Turks settled mainly in the big cities of Algeria and formed their own Turkish quarters; remnants of these old Turkish quarters are still visible today, such as in Algiers (particularly in the Casbah) Annaba, Biskra, Bouïra, Médéa, Mostaganem, and Oran (such as in La Moune and the areas near the Hassan Basha Mosque). Indeed, today, the descendants of Ottoman-Turkish settlers continue to live in the big cities. In particular, the Turks have traditionally had a strong presence in the Tlemcen Province; alongside the Moors, they continue to make up a significant portion of Tlemcen's population and live within their own sectors of the city.

The Turkish minority have traditionally also had notable populations in various other cities and towns; there is an established Turkish community in Arzew, Bougie, Berrouaghia, Cherchell, Constantine, Djidjelli, Mascara, Mazagran Oued Zitoun, and Tebessa. There is also an established community in Kabylie (such as Tizi Ouzou and Zammora).

Moreover, several suburbs, towns and cities, which have been inhabited by the Turks for centuries, have been named after Ottoman rulers, Turkish families or the Turks in general, including: the Aïn El Turk district (literally "Fountain of the Turks") in Oran, the town of Aïn Torki in the Aïn Defla Province, the Aïn Turk commune in Bouïra, the town of Bir Kasdali and the Bir Kasd Ali District in the Bordj Bou Arréridj Province, the town of Bougara and the Bougara District located in Blida Province, the suburb of Hussein Dey and the Hussein Dey District in the Algiers Province, as well as the town of Salah Bey and the Salah Bey District in the Sétif Province.

Diaspora

There are many Algerian Turks who have emigrated to other countries and hence make up part of Algeria's diaspora. Initially, the first wave of migration occurred in 1830 when many Turks were forced to leave the region once the French took control over Algeria; approximately 10,000 were shipped off to Turkey whilst many others migrated to other regions of the Ottoman Empire, including Palestine, Syria, Arabia, and Egypt. Furthermore, some Turkish/Kouloughli families also settled in Morocco (such as in Tangier and Tétouan).

Common surnames

By provenance

The following list are examples of Turkish origin surnames which express an ethnic and provenance origin from Eastern Thrace and Anatolia - regions which today form the modern borders of the Republic of Turkey:

Surname used in Algeria Turkish English translation
Baghlali Bağlılı from Bağlı (in Çanakkale)
Bayasli Payaslı from Payas
Benkasdali
Benkazdali
Ben Kazdağılı I am from Kazdağı
Benmarchali Ben Maraşlı I am from Maraş
Benterki Ben Türk I am Turk/Turkish
Bentiurki
Benturki
Ben Türk I am Turk/Turkish
Ben Turkia
Ben Turkiya
Ben Türkiye I am Turkey
Bersali
Borsali
Borsari
Borsla
Bursalı from Bursa
Boubiasli Payaslı from Payas
Chatli Çatlı from Çat (in Erzurum)
Chilali Şileli from Şileli (in Aydın)
Cholli Çullu from Çullu (in Aydın)
Coulourli Kuloğlu Kouloughli (mixed Turkish and Algerian origin)
Dengezli
Denizli
Denzeli
Denizli from Denizli
Dernali Edirneli from Edirne
Djabali Cebali from Cebali (a suburb in Istanbul)
Djeghdali Çağataylı Chagatai (Turkic language)
Djitli Çitli from Çit (in Adana or Bursa)
Douali Develi from Develi (in Kayseri)
Guellati Galatalı from Galata (in Istanbul)
Kamen Kaman Kaman (in Nevşehir)
Karabaghli Karabağlı from Karabağ (in Konya)
Karadaniz Karadeniz from the Black Sea region
Karaman Karaman from Karaman
Kasdali
Kasdarli
Kazdağılı from Kazdağı
Kaya
Kayali
Kayalı from Kaya (applies to the villages in Muğla and Artvin)
Kebzili Gebzeli from Gebze (in Kocaeli)
Keicerli Kayserili from Kayseri
Kermeli Kermeli from the Gulf of Kerme (Gökova)
Kezdali Kazdağılı from Kazdağı
Kissarli
Kisserli
Kayserili from Kayseri
Korghlu
Korglu
Koroghli
Korogli
Kuloğlu Kouloughli (mixed Turkish and Algerian origin)
Koudjali
Kouddjali
Kocaeli from Kocaeli
Koulali Kulalı from Kulalı (in Manisa)
Kouloughli
Koulougli
Kouroughli
Kouroughlou
Kuloğlu A Kouloughli (mixed Turkish and Algerian origin)
Kozlou Kozlu from Kozlu (in Zonguldak)
Manamani
Manemeni
Manemenni
Menemenli from Menemen (in Izmir)
Mansali Manisalı from Manisa
Meglali Muğlalı from Muğla
Merchali
Mersali
Maraşlı from Maraş
Osmane
Othmani
Osman
Osmanlı
Ottoman
Ould Zemirli
Ould Zmirli
İzmirli from Izmir
Rizeli Rizeli from Rize
Romeili
Roumili
Rumeli from Rumelia
Sanderli Çandarli from Çandarlı
Sandjak
Sangaq
Sancak from sanjak (an administrative unit of the Ottoman Empire)
Satli Çatlı from Çat (in Erzurum)
Sekelli İskeleli from Iskele (in Muğla, Seyhan, or the island of Cyprus)
Sekli Sekeli from Seke (in Aydın)
Skoudarli Üsküdarlı from Üsküdar (in Istanbul)
Stamboul
Stambouli
İstanbulu from Istanbul
Tchambaz Cambaz Cambaz (in Çanakkale)
Takarli Taraklı from Taraklı (in Adapazarı)
Tchanderli
Tchenderli
Çandarlı from Çandarlı
Tekali Tekeeli from Teke Peninsula
Terki
Terqui
Türki Turkish (language)
Terkman
Terkmani
Türkmenli Turkmen (from Anatolia/Mesopotamia)
Torki Türk Turkish
Tourki
Tourquie
Turki
Türk Turk/Turkish
Yarmali Yarmalı from Yarma (in Konya)
Zemerli
Zemirli
Zmerli
Zmirli
İzmirli from Izmir
Zemir
Zmir
İzmir Izmir

The following list are examples of Turkish origin surnames which express a provenance settlement of Turkish families in regions of Algeria:

Surname used in Algeria Turkish Meaning in English
Tlemsanili
Tilimsani
Tilimsanılı from Tlemcen

The following list are examples of Turkish origin surnames traditionally used by Turkish families in Constantine:

Acheuk-Youcef, Ali Khodja, Bachtarzi, Benabdallah Khodja, Benelmadjat, Bestandji, Bendali Braham, Bentchakar, Bensakelbordj, Bentchikou, Khaznadar, Salah Bey, Tchanderli Braham.

By occupation

The following list are examples of some Turkish origin surnames which express the traditional occupation of Turkish families which settled in Algeria:

Surname used in Algeria Turkish English translation
Agha ağa agha
Ahtchi ahçı, aşçı cook, keeper of restaurant
Anberdji ambarcı storekeeper
Aoulak ulak messenger, courier
Arbadji arabacı driver
Atchi atçı horse breeder
Bacha paşa a pasha
Bachagha başağa head agha
Bachchaouch başçavuş sergeant major
Bachesais başseyis head stableman
Bachtaftar başdefterdar treasurer
Bachtarzi baş terzi chief tailor
Bachtoubdji baştopçu chief cannoneer, artilleryman
Baldji balcı maker or seller of honey
Bazarbacha
Bazarbarchi
pazarbaşı head of bazaar
Benabadji ben abacı maker or seller of garments
Benchauch ben çavuş sergeant
Benchoubane ben çoban shepherd
Bendamardji ben demirci metalworker
Bendali ben deli deli (Ottoman troops)
Benlagha ben ağa agha
Benstaali ben usta master, workman, craftsman
Bentobdji ben topçu cannoneer
Bestandji
Bostandji
bostancı bostandji
Bouchakdji bıçakçı cutler
Boudjakdji ocakçı chimney sweep
Boyagi boyacı painter
Chalabi
Challabi
çelebi educated person, gentlemen
Chaouche çavuş sergeant
Chembaz
Chembazi
cambaz acrobat
Damardji
Damerdji
demirci metalworker
Debladji tavlacı stable boy or backgammon player
Dey dayı officer or maternal uncle
Djadouadji kahveci coffee maker or seller
Djaidji çaycı tea seller
Doumandji dümenci helmsman
Doumardji tımarcı stableman
Dumangi dümenci helmsman
Dumargi tımarcı stableman
Fenardji fenerci lighthouse keeper
Fernakdji fırıncı baker
Hazerchi hazırcı seller of ready-made clothing
Kahouadji kahveci café owner or coffee maker/grower
Kalaidji kalaycı tinner
Kaouadji kahveci café owner or coffee maker/grower
Kasbadji kasapcı butcher
Kassab Kasap butcher
Kaznadji hazinedar keeper of a treasury
Kebabdji kebapçı kebab seller
Kehouadji kahveci café owner or coffee maker/grower
Ketrandji katrancı tar seller
Khandji hancı innkeeper
Khaznadar hazinedar keeper of a treasury
Khaznadji hazinedar keeper of a treasury
Khedmadji hizmetçi maid, helper
Khodja
Khoudja
hoca teacher
Louldji lüleci maker or seller of pipes
Koumdadji komando commando
Moumdji
Moumedji
mumcu candle maker
Ouldchakmadji çakmakçı maker or seller of flints/
maker or repairer of flintlock guns
Nefradji nüfreci prepares amulets
Pacha paşa a pasha
Rabadji arabacı driver
Rais reis chief, leader
Saboudji
Saboundji
sabuncu maker or seller of soap
Selmadji silmeci cleaner or to measure
Serkadji sirkeci maker or seller of vinegar
Slahdji silahçı gunsmith
Staali usta master, workman, craftsman
Tchambaz cambaz acrobat

Other surnames

Surname used in Algeria Turkish English translation
Arslan aslan a lion
Arzouli arzulu desirous, ambitious
Baba
Babali
baba a father
Badji bacı elder sister
Bektach bektaş member of the Bektashi Order
Belbey bey mister, gentlemen
Belbiaz beyaz white
Benchicha ben şişe a bottle
Benhadji ben hacı a Hadji
Benkara ben Qāra From Black Sea region in Anatolia
Bensari ben sarı blonde
Bentobal
Bentobbal
ben topal crippled
Bermak parmak finger
Beiram
Biram
bayram holiday, festival
Beyaz beyaz white
Bougara
Boulkara
bu kara dark
Boukendjakdji kancık mean
Caliqus çalıkuşu goldcrest
Chalabi
Challabi
çelebi educated person, gentlemen
Chelbi çelebi educated person, gentlemen
Cherouk çürük rotten
Dali
Dalibey
Dalisaus
deli brave, crazy
Damir demir metal
Daouadji davacı litigant
Deramchi diremci currency
Djabali çelebi educated person, gentlemen
Doumaz duymaz deaf
Eski eski old
Gaba kaba rough, heavy
Goutchouk küçük small, little
Gueddjali gacal domestic
Guendez gündüz daytime
Guermezli görmezli blind
Guertali kartal eagle
Hadji hacı Hadji
Hidouk haydut bandit
Ioldach yoldaş companion, comrade
Kara kara dark
Karabadji kara bacı dark sister
Kardache kardeş brother
Karkach karakaş dark eyebrows
Kermaz görmez blind
Kerroudji kurucu founder, builder, veteran
Kertali kartal eagle
Koutchouk küçük small, little
Lalali
Lalili
laleli tulip
Maldji malcı cattle producer
Mestandji mestan drunk
Oldach yoldaş companion, comrade
Oualan oğlan boy
Ouksel yüksel to succeed, achieve
Ourak orak sickle
Salakdji salakça silly
Salaouatchi
Salouatchi
salavatçaı prayer
Sari sarı yellow or blond
Sarmachek sarmaşık vine
Sersar
Sersoub
serseri layabout, vagrant
Tache taş stone, pebble
Tarakli taraklı having a comb, crested
Tchalabi çelebi educated person, gentlemen
Tchalikouche çalıkuşu goldcrest
Tenbel tembel lazy
Tobal
Toubal
topal cripple
Yataghan
Yataghen
yatağan yatagan
Yazli yazılı written
Yekkachedji yakışmak to suit
Yesli yaslı mourning
Yoldas yoldaş companion, comrade

See also

Notes

^ a: "Kouloughlis" refers to the offspring (or descendants) of Turkish fathers and Algerian mothers.

References

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