Voiced labial–velar approximant
In today's world, Voiced labial–velar approximant has taken a leading role both in everyday life and in the professional sphere. With the advancement of technology and globalization, Voiced labial–velar approximant has become a topic of constant interest, generating debates, research and new ways of approaching it. From its influence on society to its implications on the economy, Voiced labial–velar approximant has impacted in various ways, transforming not only the way we interact, but also the way we think and relate to the environment. In this article, we will explore some of the most relevant facets of Voiced labial–velar approximant, analyzing its importance and its evolution over time.
| Voiced labial–velar approximant | |
|---|---|
| w | |
| IPA Number | 170 |
| Audio sample | |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) | w |
| Unicode (hex) | U+0077 |
| X-SAMPA | w |
| Braille |  |
| Compressed labial–velar approximant | |
|---|---|
| w͍ | |
| ɰᵝ |
The voiced labial–velar approximant is a type of consonantal sound, used in certain spoken languages, including English. It is the sound denoted by the letter ⟨w⟩ in the English alphabet; likewise, the symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨w⟩, or rarely , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is w. In most languages it is the semivocalic counterpart of the close back rounded vowel . In inventory charts of languages with other labialized velar consonants, /w/ will be placed in the same column as those consonants. When consonant charts have only labial and velar columns, /w/ may be placed in the velar column, (bi)labial column, or both. The placement may have more to do with phonological criteria than phonetic ones.
Some languages have a voiced labial–prevelar approximant, which is more fronted than the place of articulation of the prototypical voiced labialized velar approximant, though not as front as the prototypical labialized palatal approximant.
Features
Features of the voiced labial–velar approximant:
- Its manner of articulation is approximant, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce a turbulent airstream. The type of approximant is glide or semivowel. The term glide emphasizes the characteristic of movement (or 'glide') of /w/ from the /u/ vowel position to a following vowel position. The term semivowel emphasizes that, although the sound is vocalic in nature, it is not 'syllabic' (it does not form the nucleus of a syllable).
- Its place of articulation is labialized velar, which means it is articulated with the back part of the tongue raised toward the soft palate (the velum) while rounding the lips. Some languages, such as Japanese and perhaps the Northern Iroquoian languages, have a sound typically transcribed as where the lips are compressed (or at least not rounded), which is a true labial–velar (as opposed to labialized velar) consonant. Close transcriptions may avoid the symbol in such cases, or may use the under-rounding diacritic, .
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abkhaz | ауаҩы/awawë | 'human' | See Abkhaz phonology | ||
| Alemannic | Bernese German | Giel | 'boy' | Allophone of [l] | |
| Arabic | Modern Standard | وَرْد/ward | 'rose' | See Arabic phonology | |
| Assamese | ৱাশ্বিংটন/Wašińton | 'Washington' | |||
| Basque | lau | 'four' | |||
| Belarusian | воўк/vowk | 'wolf' | See Belarusian phonology | ||
| Bengali | ওয়াদা/wada | 'promise' | Allophone of [o] and [u] when preceding a vowel word-initially. See Bengali phonology | ||
| Berber | ⴰⵡⴰⵍ/äwäl | 'speech' | |||
| Breton | nav | 'nine' | |||
| Bulgarian | Colloquial | лопата/lopata | 'shovel' | Contemporary pronunciation of /ɫ/, an ongoing sound change. See Bulgarian phonology. | |
| Pernik dialects | This dialect has a long-standing tradition of pronouncing /ɫ/ as /w/, similar to the Polish language. Independent of the similar sound change happening in the standard language. | ||||
| Standard Bulgarian | уиски/uiski | 'whiskey' | Appears in borrowings. See Bulgarian phonology | ||
| Catalan | quart | 'fourth' | Post-lexically after /k/ and /ɡ/. See Catalan phonology | ||
| Chinese | Cantonese | 挖/waat | ⓘ | 'dig' | See Cantonese phonology |
| Mandarin | 挖/wā | ⓘ | See Mandarin phonology | ||
| Danish | hav | 'ocean' | Allophone of [v] | ||
| Dutch | Colloquial | kouwe | 'cold' | Lenited allophone of /d/ after /ʌu̯/. See Dutch phonology | |
| Standard Surinamese | welp | 'cub' | May also occur in this context in some continental Dutch accents and/or dialects. Corresponds to [ʋ] in most of the Netherlands and to [β̞] in Belgium and (southern) parts of the Netherlands. See Dutch phonology | ||
| English | weep | 'weep' | See English phonology | ||
| French | oui | 'yes' | See French phonology | ||
| German | Quelle | 'source' | Some regions [citation needed] | ||
| Hawaiian | wikiwiki | 'fast' | May also be realized as . See Hawaiian phonology | ||
| Hebrew | Mizrahi | כּוֹחַ/kowaḥ | 'power' | See Modern Hebrew phonology | |
| Hindustani | Hindi | विश्वास/višwas | 'believe' | See Hindustani phonology | |
| Urdu | višwas/وشواس | ||||
| Irish | vóta | 'vote' | See Irish phonology | ||
| Italian | uomo | 'man' | See Italian phonology | ||
| Kabardian | уэ/wa | ⓘ | 'you' | ||
| Kazakh | ауа/awa | 'air' | |||
| Korean | 왜가리/wägari | 'heron' | See Korean phonology | ||
| Luxembourgish | zwee | 'two' | Allophone of /v/ after /k, t͡s, ʃ/. See Luxembourgish phonology | ||
| Malay | wang | 'money' | |||
| Malayalam | ഉവ്വ്/uwî | 'Yes' | Some dialects. | ||
| Mayan | Yucatec | witz | 'mountain' | ||
| Nepali | हावा/hawa | 'wind' | See Nepali phonology | ||
| Odia | ଅଗ୍ରୱାଲ୍/ogrowal | 'Agrawal' | |||
| Pashto | ﻭﺍﺭ/war | 'one time' | |||
| Persian | Dari | وَرزِش/warziš | 'sport' | may approach /ʋ/ in some regional dialects. | |
| Iranian Persian | نَو/now | 'new' | Only as a diphthong or colloquially. | ||
| Polish | łaska | ⓘ | 'grace' | See Polish phonology. Corresponds to in older pronunciation and eastern dialects | |
| Portuguese | Most dialects | quando | 'when' | Post-lexically after /k/ and /ɡ/. See Portuguese phonology | |
| boa | 'good' (f.) | Epenthetic glide or allophone of /u/, following a stressed rounded vowel and preceding an unrounded one. | |||
| General Brazilian | qual | 'which' | Allophone of /l/ in coda position for most Brazilian dialects. | ||
| Romanian | dulău | 'mastiff' | See Romanian phonology | ||
| Russian | волк/volk | 'wolf' | Southern dialects. | ||
| Serbo-Croatian | Croatian | vuk | 'wolf' | Allophone of /ʋ/ before /u/. See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
| Seri | cmiique | 'person' | Allophone of /m/ | ||
| Slovene | cerkev | 'church' | Allophone of /ʋ/ in the syllable coda. Voiceless [ʍ] before voiceless consonants. See Slovene phonology | ||
| Sotho | sewa | 'epidemic' | See Sesotho phonology | ||
| Svan | კუ̂ენ/k'wen | 'marten' | |||
| Spanish | cuanto | 'as much' | See Spanish phonology | ||
| Swahili | mwanafunzi | 'student' | |||
| Swedish | Central Standard | Labialized approximant consonant; allophone of /ɡ/ in casual speech before the protruded vowels /ɔ, oː/. See Swedish phonology | |||
| Tagalog | araw | 'day' | See Tagalog phonology | ||
| Thai | แหวน /wén | 'ring' | |||
| Vietnamese | tuần | 'week' | See Vietnamese phonology | ||
| Ukrainian | любов/lübov | 'love' | See Ukrainian phonology | ||
| Welsh | gwae | 'woe' | See Welsh phonology | ||
| West Frisian | skowe | 'to shove' | |||
See also
Notes
- ^ Instead of "pre-velar", it can be called "advanced velar", "fronted velar", "front-velar", "palato-velar", "post-palatal", "retracted palatal" or "backed palatal".
- ^ Guidelines for Transcription of English Consonants and Vowels (PDF); see the examples on the fifth page.
- ^ Ohala & Lorentz (1977), p. 577.
- ^ Watson (2002), p. 13.
- ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 55.
- ^ "Recording dialect from Egmond aan Zee (Bergen), North Holland)". www.meertens.knaw.nl. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
- ^ "Recording and video from dialect of Katwijk, South Holland". YouTube. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
- ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 75.
- ^ Pukui & Elbert (1986), p. xvii.
- ^ Ladefoged (2005), p. 141.
- ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 117.
- ^ Gilles & Trouvain (2013), pp. 67, 69.
- ^ Gilles & Trouvain (2013), p. 69.
- ^ Masica (1991), p. 107.
- ^ Jassem (2003), p. 103.
- ^ a b Barbosa & Albano (2004), p. 230.
- ^ France (2004).
- ^ a b Landau et al. (1999), p. 68.
- ^ a b Šuštaršič, Komar & Petek (1999), p. 136.
- ^ a b Greenberg (2006), p. 18.
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 256.
- ^ Engstrand (2004), p. 167.
- ^ Thompson (1959), pp. 458–461.
References
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