Voiced velar nasal
In today's world, Voiced velar nasal has become a topic of great importance and interest. Whether due to its impact on society, its relevance in the workplace, or its influence on popular culture, Voiced velar nasal has managed to capture the attention of a wide spectrum of people. From experts in the field to the general public, Voiced velar nasal has positioned itself as a topic of constant discussion and debate. In this article, we will explore the different aspects and perspectives related to Voiced velar nasal, in order to provide a complete and detailed analysis of its importance today.
| Voiced velar nasal | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ŋ | |||
| IPA Number | 119 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ŋ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+014B | ||
| X-SAMPA | N | ||
| Braille |  | ||
| |||
The voiced velar nasal, also known as agma, from the Greek word for 'fragment', is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. It is the sound of ng in English sing as well as n before velar consonants as in English and ink. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ŋ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is N. The IPA symbol ⟨ŋ⟩ is similar to ⟨ɳ⟩, the symbol for the retroflex nasal, which has a rightward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the right stem, and to ⟨ɲ⟩, the symbol for the palatal nasal, which has a leftward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the left stem. Both the IPA symbol and the sound are commonly called 'eng' or 'engma'.
While almost all languages have /m/ and /n/ as phonemes, /ŋ/ is rarer. Half of the 469 languages surveyed in Anderson (2008) had a velar nasal phoneme; as a further curiosity, many of them limit its occurrence to the syllable coda. The velar nasal does not occur in many of the languages of the Americas, the Middle East, or the Caucasus, but it is extremely common among Australian Aboriginal languages, languages of Sub-Saharan Africa, East Asian and Southeast Asian languages, and Polynesian languages. In many languages that do not have the velar nasal as a phoneme, such as the Romance languages, it occurs as an allophone of /n/ before velar consonants. This kind of assimilation can even be found in languages with phonemic voiced velar nasals, such as English. An example of this phenomenon is the word income; its underlying representation, /ˈɪnˌkʌm/, can be realized as either or .
An example of a language that lacks a phonemic or allophonic velar nasal is Russian, in which /n/ is pronounced as laminal denti-alveolar [n̪] even before velar consonants.
Some languages have the pre-velar nasal, which is articulated slightly more front compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical velar nasal, though not as front as the prototypical palatal nasal - see that article for more information.
Conversely, some languages have the post-velar nasal, which is articulated slightly behind the place of articulation of a prototypical velar nasal, though not as back as the prototypical uvular nasal.
Features
Features of the voiced velar nasal:
- Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Because the consonant is also nasal, the blocked airflow is redirected through the nose.
- Its place of articulation is velar, which means it is articulated with the back of the tongue (the dorsum) at the soft palate.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is a nasal consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the nose, either exclusively (nasal stops) or in addition to through the mouth.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albanian | ngaqë | 'because' | |||
| Aleut | chaang/ча̄ӈ | 'five' | |||
| Arabic | Hejazi [citation needed] |
مــنــقل/mingal | 'brazier' | Allophone of /n/ before velar stops. See Hejazi Arabic phonology | |
| Armenian | Eastern | ընկեր/ënker | 'friend' | Allophone of /n/ before velar consonants | |
| Assamese | ৰং/ŗông | 'color' | |||
| Asturian | non | 'no' | Allophone of /n/ in word-final position, either before consonants other than velar stops or vowel-beginning words or before a pause. | ||
| Bambara | ŋonI | 'guitar' | |||
| Bashkir | мең / meñ | ⓘ | 'one thousand' | ||
| Basque | hanka | 'leg' | |||
| Bengali | রঙ/rông | 'color' | |||
| Bulgarian | тънко/tănko | 'thin' | |||
| Cantonese | 昂/ngòhng | 'raise' | See Cantonese phonology | ||
| Catalan | sang | 'blood' | See Catalan phonology | ||
| Cebuano | ngano | 'why' | |||
| Chamorro | ngånga' | 'duck' | |||
| Chukchi | ӈыроӄ/ṇyroq | 'three' | |||
| Czech | tank | 'tank' | See Czech phonology | ||
| Dinka | ŋa | 'who' | |||
| Danish | sang | 'song' | See Danish phonology | ||
| Dutch | angst | 'fear' | See Dutch phonology | ||
| Eastern Min | 疑/ngì | 'suspect' | |||
| English | sing | ⓘ | 'sing' | Restricted to the syllable coda. See English phonology | |
| Faroese | ong | 'meadow' | |||
| Fijian | gone | 'child' | |||
| Filipino | ngayón | 'now' | |||
| Finnish | kangas | 'cloth' | Occurs in native vocabulary only intervocally (as a geminate) and before /k/. See Finnish phonology | ||
| French | Standard | camping | ⓘ | 'camping' | Occurs only in words borrowed from English or Chinese. See French phonology |
| Southern France | pain | ⓘ | 'bread' | For many speakers, acts as a substitute for the nasalization of the preceding vowel, which may still be partially nasal. It is one of the most typical traits of varieties of French influenced by an Occitan substrate. | |
| Galician | unha | 'one' (f.) | |||
| Gan | 牙/nga | 'tooth' | |||
| German | lang | 'long' | See Standard German phonology | ||
| Greek | άγχος / anchos | 'Stress' | See Modern Greek phonology | ||
| Hakka | Sixian | 我/ngô | 'I' | ||
| Hebrew | Standard | אנגלית/anglit | 'English language' | Allophone of /n/ before velar stops. See Modern Hebrew phonology | |
| Sephardi | עין/nayin | 'Ayin' | See Sephardi Hebrew | ||
| Hiligaynon | buang | 'crazy/mentally unstable' | |||
| Hindustani | Hindi | रंग/रङ्ग/raṅg | 'color' | See Hindustani phonology | |
| Urdu | رن٘گ/raṅg | ||||
| Fiji Hindustani | Rang | ||||
| Hungarian | ing | 'shirt' | Allophone of /n/. See Hungarian phonology | ||
| Icelandic | göng | 'tunnel' | See Icelandic phonology | ||
| Ilocano | ngalngal | 'to chew' | |||
| Inuktitut | ᐴᙳᐆᖅ / puunnguuq | 'dog' | |||
| Inuvialuktun | qamnguiyuaq | 'snores' | |||
| Irish | a nglór | 'their voice' | Occurs word-initially as a result of the consonantal mutation eclipsis. See Irish phonology | ||
| Italian | anche | 'also' | Allophone of /n/ before /k/ and /ɡ/. See Italian phonology | ||
| Itelmen | қниң | 'one' | |||
| Japanese | Standard | 南極 / nankyoku | 'the South Pole' | See Japanese phonology | |
| Eastern dialects | 鍵 / kagi | 'key' | |||
| Javanese | ꦱꦺꦔꦏ꧀/Sengak | stink | Additional /ŋ/ caused by vowel after /ŋ/ sounding | ||
| Jin | Yuci | 我/ngie | 'I' | ||
| Kagayanen | manang | 'older sister' | |||
| Kazakh | мың / myń | 'thousand' | |||
| Kyrgyz | миң/miñ | ||||
| Ket | аяң/ajaņ | 'to damn' | |||
| Khasi | ngap | 'honey' | |||
| Khmer |
|
See Khmer phonology | |||
| Korean | 성에 / seonge | 'window frost' | See Korean phonology | ||
| Kurdish | Northern | ceng | 'war' | See Kurdish phonology | |
| Central | جهنگ/ceng | ||||
| Southern | |||||
| Luganda | ŋaaŋa | 'hornbill' | |||
| Luxembourgish | keng | 'nobody' | See Luxembourgish phonology | ||
| Macedonian | aнглиски/angliski | 'English' | Occurs occasionally as an allophone of /n/ before /k/ and /ɡ/. See Macedonian phonology | ||
| Malay | Malaysian and Indonesian | bangun | 'wake up' | ||
| Kelantan-Pattani | sini | 'here' | See Kelantan-Pattani Malay | ||
| Terengganu | ayam | 'chicken' | See Terengganu Malay | ||
| Malayalam | മാങ്ങ/mān̄n̄a | 'mango' | |||
| Mandarin | Standard | 北京/Běijīng | 'Beijing' | Restricted to the syllable coda. See Mandarin phonology | |
| Sichuanese | 我/ngo3 | 'I' | |||
| Marathi | रंग/ranga | 'colour' | See Marathi phonology | ||
| Mari | еҥ/eng | 'human' | |||
| Mongolian | тэнгэр / teŋger | 'sky' | |||
| Nepali | नङ/nang | 'nail' | See Nepali phonology | ||
| Nganasan | ӈаӈ/ngang | 'mouth' | |||
| Nivkh | ңамг/ngamg | 'seven' | |||
| North Frisian | Mooring | kåchelng | 'stove' | ||
| Northern Min | 外/ngui | 'outside' | |||
| Northern Sámi | Eastern Finnmark | maŋis | 'behind' | ||
| Western Finnmark | máŋga | 'many' | has merged with in Western Finnmark, except before velar stops. | ||
| Norwegian | gang | 'hallway' | See Norwegian phonology | ||
| Odia | ଏବଂ/ebang | 'and' | |||
| Okinawan | nkai | 'to' | Allophone of before velars, before consonants in an onset cluster, and also word-finally in some dialects. | ||
| Ottoman Turkish | یڭی/yeŋi | 'new' | |||
| Panjabi | Gurmukhi | ਰੰਗ/rang | 'color' | ||
| Shahmukhi | رنگ/rang | ||||
| Persian | Iranian Persian | Allophone of /n/ before velar plosives. See Persian phonology | |||
| Pipil | nemanha | 'later' | |||
| Polish | bank | 'bank' | Allophone of /n/ before /k, ɡ, x/; post-palatal before /kʲ, ɡʲ/. See Polish phonology | ||
| Portuguese | manga | 'mango' | Occurs occasionally in slow, careful speech, as an allophone of /n/ before /ɡ/ and /k/, when the speaker does not delete the /n/ by fusing it with the preceding vowel. | ||
| Occitan | Provençal | vin | 'wine' | ||
| Rapanui | hanga | 'bay' | Sometimes written ⟨g⟩ in Rapanui | ||
| Romanian | Țara Moților Transylvanian | câine | 'dog' | Corresponds to [n] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology | |
| Samoan | gagana | 'language' | |||
| Serbo-Croatian | stanka / станка | 'pause' | Allophone of /n/ before /k, ɡ, x/. See Serbo-Croatian phonology | ||
| Seri | comcáac | 'Seri people' | |||
| Shona | n'anga | 'traditional healer' | |||
| Slovene | tank | 'tank' | |||
| Southern Min | Hokkien | 黃/n̂g | 'yellow' | ||
| Teochew | 黃/ng5 | ||||
| Spanish | All dialects | domingo | 'Sunday' | Allophone of /n/ before velar consonants. See Spanish phonology | |
| Galician Spanish, Andalusian, Canarian, and most Caribbean dialects | alquitrán | 'tar' | Allophone of /n/ in word-final position regardless of what follows. | ||
| Swahili | ng'ombe | 'cow' | |||
| Swedish | ingenting | 'nothing' | See Swedish phonology | ||
| Tamil | இங்கே/in̄gē | 'here' | |||
| Telugu | వాఙ్మయం | 'Literature' | Allophone of anuswara when followed by velar stop | ||
| Tibetan | Standard | ང/nga | 'I' | ||
| Thai | งาน/ngaan | 'work' | |||
| Nuer - Thok Nath | ŋa | 'who?' or 'Is who?' | |||
| Tongan | tangata | 'man' | |||
| Tuamotuan | rangi / ragi | 'sky' | |||
| Tundra Nenets | ӈэва/ŋəwa | 'head' | |||
| Tupi | monhang | 'to make' | See Tupian Phonology | ||
| Turkmen | müň | 'thousand' | |||
| Tyap | nɡɡwon | 'child' | |||
| Uzbek | ming | 'thousand' | |||
| Venetian | man | 'hand' | |||
| Vietnamese | ngà | 'ivory' | See Vietnamese phonology | ||
| Welsh | rhwng | 'between' | |||
| West Frisian | kening | 'king' | |||
| Wu | 五/ng | 'five' | |||
| Xhosa | ing'ang'ane | 'hadada ibis' | |||
| Xiang | 熬/ngau | 'to boil' | |||
| Yi | ꉢ/nga | 'I' | |||
| Yup'ik | ungungssiq | 'animal' | |||
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan | yan | 'neck' | Word-final allophone of lenis /n/ | |
See also
Notes
- ^ Ladefoged (2005), p. 164. The oral counterparts /p, t, k/ are found together in almost all languages
- ^ Jones & Ward (1969), p. 160.
- ^ Instead of "pre-velar", it can be called "advanced velar", "fronted velar", "front-velar", "palato-velar", "post-palatal", "retracted palatal" or "backed palatal".
- ^ Instead of "post-velar", it can be called "retracted velar", "backed velar", "pre-uvular", "advanced uvular" or "fronted uvular".
- ^ a b Ladefoged (2005), p. 165.
- ^ Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 19.
- ^ Sabev, Mitko. "Bulgarian Sound System". Archived from the original on 11 July 2012. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
- ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 53.
- ^ Gussenhoven (1992), p. 45.
- ^ Wells (1989), p. 44.
- ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 118.
- ^ Okada (1999), p. 118.
- ^ Olson et al. (2010), pp. 206–207.
- ^ Gilles & Trouvain (2013), pp. 67–68.
- ^ Aikio & Ylikoski (2022), p. 151.
- ^ Jassem (2003), p. 103.
- ^ Gussmann (1974), pp. 107, 111 and 114.
- ^ Ostaszewska & Tambor (2000), pp. 35, 41 and 86.
- ^ Pop (1938), p. 31.
- ^ a b Landau et al. (1999), p. 67
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 258.
- ^ Thompson (1959), pp. 458–461.
- ^ Merrill (2008), p. 109.
References
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