In the article below, we will explore the fascinating world of Voiceless postalveolar affricate. From its origins to its impact today, we will dive into a wide range of aspects related to Voiceless postalveolar affricate. Through a deep and detailed analysis, we will examine its implications in various areas, from society to popular culture. Throughout these pages, we will discover new perspectives and reflections that will allow us to better understand the importance of Voiceless postalveolar affricate in the contemporary world. With a critical and enriching look, this article seeks to open paths towards a greater understanding and appreciation of Voiceless postalveolar affricate.
Voiceless postalveolar affricate | |||
---|---|---|---|
tʃ | |||
t̠ʃ | |||
IPA Number | 103 134 | ||
Audio sample | |||
Encoding | |||
Entity (decimal) | t͡ʃ | ||
Unicode (hex) | U+0074 U+0361 U+0283 | ||
X-SAMPA | tS or t_rS | ||
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The voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant affricate or voiceless domed postalveolar sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with ⟨t͡ʃ ⟩, ⟨t͜ʃ ⟩ ⟨tʃ ⟩ (formerly the ligature ⟨ʧ ⟩), or, in broad transcription, ⟨c⟩. The alternative commonly used in American tradition is ⟨č⟩. It is familiar to English speakers as the "ch" sound in "chip".
Historically, this sound often derives from a former voiceless velar stop /k/ (as in English church; also in Gulf Arabic, Slavic languages, Indo-Iranian languages and Romance languages), or a voiceless dental stop /t/ by way of palatalization, especially next to a front vowel (as in English nature; also in Amharic, Portuguese, some accents of Egyptian, etc.).
Features of the voiceless domed postalveolar affricate:
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adyghe | чэмы/čamë/چەمہـ | ⓘ | 'cow' | Some dialects contrast labialized and non-labialized forms. | |
Albanian | çelur | 'opened' | |||
Aleut | Atkan dialect | chamĝul | 'to wash' | ||
Amharic | አንቺ/anite | 'you' | |||
Arabic | Central Palestinian | مكتبة (Normally unwritten)/mačtabe | 'library' | Corresponds to in Standard Arabic and other varieties. See Arabic phonology | |
Iraqi | چتاب/čitaab | 'book' | |||
Jordanian | كتاب (Normally unwritten)/čitaab | ||||
Aragonese | chuego | 'game' | |||
Armenian | Eastern | ճնճղուկ/čënčquk | ⓘ | 'sparrow' | |
Assyrian | ܟ̰ܝܡܐ čyama | 'to shut' | Found in native terminology. Widespread usage in all dialect varieties. Developed from an original /tˤ/. | ||
Asturian | Chipre | 'Cyprus' | Mostly found in loanwords, if possible, usually replaced by x [ʃ]. | ||
Azerbaijani | Əkinçi/اکینچی | 'the ploughman' | |||
Bengali | চশমা/čošma | 'spectacles' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Bengali phonology | ||
Basque | txalupa | 'boat' | |||
Bulgarian | чучулига/čučuliga | 'lark' | See Bulgarian phonology | ||
Catalan | cotxe | 'car' | See Catalan phonology. | ||
Central Alaskan Yup'ik | nacaq | 'parka hood' | |||
Choctaw | hakchioma | 'tobacco' | |||
Coptic | Bohairic dialect | ϭⲟϩ/čoh | 'touch' | ||
Czech | morče | 'guinea pig' | See Czech phonology | ||
Dhivehi | ޗަކަސް / çakas | 'mud' | Relatively rare, usually occurs in loanwords / onomatoepic words | ||
Dutch | Tjongejone | 'jeez' | An exclamation of (mild) annoyance, surprise, wonder or amazement.
Pronunciation is region dependent. | ||
English | beach | 'beach' | Slightly labialized . See English phonology | ||
Esperanto | ĉar | 'because' | See Esperanto phonology | ||
Estonian | tšello | 'cello' | Rare, occurs only in loanwords. see Estonian phonology | ||
Faroese | gera | 'to do' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Faroese phonology | ||
Finnish | Tšekki | 'Czechia' | Rare, occurs only in loanwords. See Finnish phonology | ||
French | Standard | caoutchouc | 'rubber' | Relatively rare; occurs mostly in loanwords. See French phonology | |
Acadian | tiens | '(I/you) keep' | Allophone of /k/ and /tj/ before a front vowel. | ||
Galician | cheo | 'full' | Galician-Portuguese /t͡ʃ/ is conserved in Galician and merged with /ʃ/ in most Portuguese dialects. See Galician phonology | ||
Georgian | ჩიხი/čixi | 'impasse' | |||
German | Standard | Tschüss | 'bye' | Laminal or apico-laminal and strongly labialized. See Standard German phonology | |
Greek | Cypriot | τσ̌άι/ćai | 'tea' | ||
Hausa | ciwo/ثِيوُاْ | 'disease, pain' | |||
Hebrew | תשובה/čuva | 'answer' | See Modern Hebrew phonology | ||
Hindustani | Hindi | चाय/čay | 'tea' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hindustani phonology | |
Urdu | چائے/čay | ||||
Haitian Creole | match | 'sports match' | |||
Hungarian | gyümölcslé | 'fruit juice' | See Hungarian phonology | ||
Italian | ciao | 'hi' | See Italian phonology | ||
Javanese | cedhak/ꦕꦼꦣꦏ꧀/چۤڎَاك | 'near' | |||
Kʼicheʼ | K'iche' | 'Kʼicheʼ'' | Contrasts with ejective form | ||
Kabardian | чэнж/çenj/چەنژ | ⓘ | 'shallow' | ||
Kashubian | czësto | 'cleanly' | |||
Kurdish | hirç/هرچ | 'bear' | |||
Ladino | kolcha/קולגﬞה | 'quilt' | |||
Macedonian | чека/čeka | 'wait' | See Macedonian phonology | ||
Malay | Standard | cuci/چوچي | 'to wash' | See Malay phonology | |
Indonesian | Palatal [c] according to some analyses. See Malay phonology | ||||
Maltese | bliċ | 'bleach' | |||
Manx | çhiarn | 'lord' | |||
Marathi | चहा/čëha | 'tea' | Contrasts with aspirated form. Allophone of /tɕ / and /ts/.See Marathi phonology | ||
Mongolian | Khalkha dialect | наргиж/nargič ᠨᠠᠷᠭᠢᠵ |
'laugh' | ||
Nahuatl | āyōtōchtli | 'armadillo' | |||
Norwegian | Some dialects | kjøkken | 'kitchen' | See Norwegian phonology | |
Nunggubuyu | jaro | 'needle' | |||
Occitan | chuc | 'juice' | See Occitan phonology | ||
Odia | ଚକ/caka | 'wheel' | Contrasts with aspirated form. | ||
Persian | چوب/чӯб/čub | 'wood' | See Persian phonology | ||
Polish | Gmina Istebna | ciemny | 'dark' | /ʈ͡ʂ/ and /t͡ɕ/ merge into in these dialects. In standard Polish, /t͡ʃ/ is commonly used to transcribe what actually is a laminal voiceless retroflex affricate. | |
Lubawa dialect | |||||
Malbork dialect | |||||
Ostróda dialect | |||||
Warmia dialect | |||||
Portuguese | Most northern and some central Portuguese dialects | chamar | 'to call' | Archaic realization of etymological ⟨ch⟩. Its use is diminishing due to influence of the standard language, being replaced by [ʃ]. | |
Most Brazilian dialects | presente | 'present' | Allophone of /t/ before /i, ĩ/ (including when is not actually produced) and other instances of (e.g. epenthesis), marginal sound otherwise. See Portuguese phonology | ||
Most dialects | tchau | 'bye' | In Standard European Portuguese it occurs only in recent loanwords. | ||
Punjabi | ਚੌਲ/ چول/čol | 'rice' | |||
Quechua | chunka | 'ten' | |||
Romani | ćiriklo | 'bird' | Contrasts with aspirated form. | ||
Romanian | cer | 'sky' | See Romanian phonology | ||
Rotuman | joni | 'to flee' | |||
Scottish Gaelic | slàinte | 'health' | Southern dialects only; standard pronunciation is . See Scottish Gaelic phonology | ||
Serbo-Croatian | Some speakers | čokoláda чоколада | 'chocolate' | In varieties that do not distinguish /ʈ͡ʂ/ from /t͡ɕ/. | |
Silesian | Gmina Istebna | szpańelsko | 'Spanish' | These dialects merge /ʈ͡ʂ/ and /t͡ɕ/ into . | |
Jablunkov | |||||
Slovak | číslo | 'number' | See Slovak phonology | ||
Slovene | koča | 'cottage' | |||
Spanish | chocolate | ⓘ | 'chocolate' | See Spanish phonology | |
Swahili | jicho | /جِيچٗ | 'eye' | ||
Swedish | Finland | tjugo | 'twenty' | See Swedish phonology | |
Some rural Swedish dialects | kärlek | 'love' | |||
Tagalog | tsuper | 'driver' | See Tagalog phonology | ||
Tlingit | jinkaat | 'ten' | |||
Turkish | çok | 'very' | See Turkish phonology | ||
Tyap | cat | 'love' | |||
Ubykh | Çəbƹəja/čëbžëya | 'pepper' | See Ubykh phonology | ||
Ukrainian | чотири/čotyry | 'four' | See Ukrainian phonology | ||
Uzbek | choʻl/چۉل | 'desert' | |||
Yiddish | טשאַטשקע/čačke | 'knick-knack' | See Yiddish phonology | ||
Zapotec | Tilquiapan | chane |
Mandarin Chinese, Russian, Japanese, Korean, Mongolian, Polish, Catalan, and Thai have a voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate /t͡ɕ/; this is technically postalveolar but it is less precise to use /t͡ʃ/.
There are several Unicode characters based on the tesh digraph (ʧ):
Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant affricate | |
---|---|
t̠ɹ̠̊˔ | |
tɹ̝̊˗ | |
Audio sample | |
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
English | Australian | tree | 'tree' | Phonetic realization of the stressed, syllable-initial sequence /tr/. In General American and Received Pronunciation, the less common alternative is alveolar [tɹ̝̊]. See Australian English phonology and English phonology | |
General American | |||||
Received Pronunciation |