Voiceless postalveolar fricative

There is growing interest in Voiceless postalveolar fricative, either because of its impact on society or because of its relevance in the scientific field. For decades, Voiceless postalveolar fricative has captured the attention of academics, professionals and the general public due to its importance in various aspects of daily life. In this article we will explore different facets of Voiceless postalveolar fricative, from its origin and evolution to its influence today. We will analyze how Voiceless postalveolar fricative has shaped the world we live in and what perspectives open up around this topic. In addition, we will examine the ethical and moral implications that Voiceless postalveolar fricative can raise, without neglecting the advances that have been achieved in this field.

A voiceless postalveolar fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The International Phonetic Association uses the term voiceless postalveolar fricative only for the sound , but it also describes the voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant fricative , for which there are significant perceptual differences.

Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative

Voiceless postalveolar fricative
ʃ
IPA Number134
Audio sample
Encoding
Entity (decimal)ʃ
Unicode (hex)U+0283
X-SAMPAS
Braille⠱ (braille pattern dots-156)

A voiceless palato-alveolar fricative or voiceless domed postalveolar fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in many languages, including English. In English, it is usually spelled ⟨sh⟩, as in ship.

Postalveolar fricative

The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is  ʃ , the letter esh introduced by Isaac Pitman (not to be confused with the integral symbol ⟨∫⟩). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is S.

An alternative symbol is š, an s with a caron or háček, which is used in the Americanist phonetic notation and the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet, as well as in the scientific and ISO 9 transliterations of Cyrillic. It originated with the Czech orthography of Jan Hus and was adopted in Gaj's Latin alphabet and other Latin alphabets of Slavic languages. It also features in the orthographies of many Baltic, Finno-Samic, North American and African languages.

Features

Features of the voiceless palato-alveolar fricative:

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Adyghe шыд 'donkey'
Albanian shtëpi 'house'
Arabic Modern Standard شَمْس 'sun' See Arabic phonology
Armenian Eastern շուն 'dog'
Aromanian shi 'and'
Asturian xera 'work'
Azerbaijani şeir 'poem'
Assyrian ܫܒܬܐ šebta 'Saturday'
Bashkir биш / biš 'five'
Basque kaixo 'hello'
Breton chadenn 'chain'
Bulgarian юнашки 'heroically' See Bulgarian phonology
Chechen шура / şura 'milk'
Chuvash шурă 'white'
Czech kaše 'mash' See Czech phonology
Dutch sjabloon 'template' May be or [ɕ] instead. See Dutch phonology
English sheep 'sheep' See English phonology
Esperanto ŝelko 'suspenders' See Esperanto phonology
Faroese sjúkrahús 'hospital' See Faroese phonology
French cher 'expensive' See French phonology
Finnish šekki 'check' See Finnish phonology
Galician viaxe 'trip' See Galician phonology
Georgian არი 'quibbling'
German Standard schön 'beautiful' Laminal or apico-laminal and strongly labialized. See Standard German phonology
Globasa xanti 'peace'
Greek Cypriot ασσιήμια 'ugliness' Contrasts with /ʃ/ and /ʒː/
Pontic ςςον 'snow'
Hebrew שָׁלוֹם 'peace' See Modern Hebrew phonology
Hindi 'doubt' See Hindustani phonology
Hungarian segítség 'help' See Hungarian phonology
Ilocano siák 'I'
Irish sí 'she' See Irish phonology
Italian Marked accents of Emilia-Romagna sali 'you go up' Apical non-labialized; may be [s̺ʲ] or [ʂ] instead. It corresponds to [s] in standard Italian. See Italian phonology
Standard fasce 'bands' See Italian phonology
Kabardian шыд 'donkey' Contrasts with a labialized form
Kabyle ciwer 'to consult'
Kashubian nasz 'our' See Kashubian language
Kazakh шаш / şaş 'hair'
Kurdish şev 'night' See Kurdish phonology
Latvian šalle 'scarf' See Latvian phonology
Limburgish Maastrichtian sjat 'darling' Laminal post-alveolar with an unclear amount of palatalization.
Lingala shakú 'grey parrot'
Lithuanian šarvas 'armor' See Lithuanian phonology
Macedonian што 'what' See Macedonian phonology
Malay syarikat 'company'
Maltese x′jismek? 'what is your name?'
Marathi ब्द 'word' See Marathi phonology
Mayan Yucatec ko'ox 'let's go'
Mopan kax 'chicken'
Mutsun raṭmašte 'having acne'
Neapolitan scugnizzo 'urchin'
Occitan Auvergnat maissant 'bad' See Occitan phonology
Gascon maishant
Limousin son 'his'
Persian شاه 'king' See Persian phonology
Polish Gmina Istebna siano 'hay' /ʂ/ and /ɕ/ merge into in these dialects. In standard Polish, /ʃ/ is commonly used to transcribe what actually is a laminal voiceless retroflex sibilant
Lubawa dialect
Malbork dialect
Ostróda dialect
Warmia dialect
Portuguese xamã 'shaman' Also described as alveolo-palatal [ɕ]. See Portuguese phonology
Punjabi ਸ਼ੇ 'lion'
Romani deš 'ten'
Romanian șefi 'bosses' See Romanian phonology
Russian шум 'noise'
Sahaptin šíš 'mush'
Scottish Gaelic seinn 'sing' See Scottish Gaelic phonology
Serbo-Croatian škola 'school' See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Silesian Gmina Istebna [example needed] These dialects merge /ʂ/ and /ɕ/ into
Jablunkov [example needed]
Slovak šál 'scarf' See Slovak phonology
Slovene šola 'school' See Slovene phonology
Somali shan 'five' See Somali phonology
Spanish
New Mexican echador 'boastful' Corresponds to in other dialects. See Spanish phonology
Northern Mexico
Cuban
Panamanian chocolate 'chocolate'
Southern Andalusia
Chilean
Rioplatense ayer 'yesterday' May be voiced [ʒ] instead. See Spanish phonology and yeísmo
Swahili shule 'school'
Tagalog siya 'he/she' See Tagalog phonology
Toda 'language' Contrasts /θ s̪ s̠ ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ/.
Tunica šíhkali 'stone'
Turkish güneş 'sun' See Turkish phonology
Ukrainian шахи 'chess' See Ukrainian phonology
Urdu شکریہ 'thank you' See Hindustani phonology
Uyghur شەھەر 'city'
Uzbek bosh 'head'
Walloon texhou 'knit fabric'
Welsh Standard siarad 'speak' See Welsh phonology
Southern dialects mis 'month'
West Frisian sjippe 'soap' See West Frisian phonology
Western Lombard Canzés fescia 'nuisance'
Yiddish וויסנשאַפֿטלעכע 'scientific' See Yiddish phonology
Yorùbá í 'open'
Zapotec Tilquiapan xana 'how?'

In various languages, including English and French, it may have simultaneous labialization, i.e. , although this is usually not transcribed.

Classical Latin did not have , though it does occur in most Romance languages. For example, ⟨ch⟩ in French chanteur "singer" is pronounced /ʃ/. Chanteur is descended from Latin cantare, where ⟨c⟩ was pronounced /k/. The ⟨sc⟩ in Latin scientia "science" was pronounced /sk/, but has shifted to /ʃ/ in Italian scienza.

Similarly, Proto-Germanic had neither nor [ʂ], yet many of its descendants do. In most cases, this or descends from a Proto-Germanic /sk/. For instance, Proto-Germanic *skipą ("hollow object, water-borne vessel larger than a boat") was pronounced /ˈski.pɑ̃/. The English word "ship" /ʃɪp/ has been pronounced without the /sk/ the longest, the word being descended from Old English "scip" /ʃip/, which already also had the , though the Old English spelling etymologically indicated that the old /sk/ had once been present.

This change took longer to catch on in West Germanic languages other than Old English, though it eventually did. The second West Germanic language to undergo this sound shift was Old High German. In fact, it has been argued that Old High German's /sk/ was actually already , because a single [s] had already shifted to []. Furthermore, by Middle High German, that /s̠k/ had shifted to . After High German, the shift most likely then occurred in Low Saxon. After Low Saxon, Middle Dutch began the shift, but it stopped shifting once it reached /sx/, and has kept that pronunciation since. Then, most likely through influence from German and Low Saxon, North Frisian experienced the shift.

Then, Swedish quite swiftly underwent the shift, which resulted in the very uncommon [ɧ] phoneme, which, aside from Swedish, is only used in Colognian, a variety of High German, though not as a replacement for the standard High German /ʃ/ but a coronalized /ç/. However, the exact realization of Swedish /ɧ/ varies considerably among dialects; for instance, in Northern dialects it tends to be realized as [ʂ]. See sj-sound for more details. Finally, the last to undergo the shift was Norwegian, in which the result of the shift was .

The sound in Russian denoted by ⟨ш⟩ is commonly transcribed as a palato-alveolar fricative but is actually an apical retroflex fricative.

Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant fricative

Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant fricative
ɹ̠̊˔
ɹ̝̊˗
IPA Number151 414 402B 429
Audio sample
Encoding
X-SAMPAr\_-_0_r
Voiceless postalveolar approximant
ɹ̠̊

The voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant fricative is a consonantal sound. As the International Phonetic Alphabet does not have separate symbols for the post-alveolar consonants (the same symbol is used for all coronal places of articulation that are not palatalized), this sound is usually transcribed ɹ̠̊˔ (retracted constricted voiceless ). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is r\_-_0_r.

Some scholars also posit the voiceless postalveolar approximant distinct from the fricative. The approximant may be represented in the IPA as ɹ̠̊.

Features

  • Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence. However, it does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant.
  • Its place of articulation is postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge.
  • Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  • The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Bengali Some dialects আবার 'again' Apical; possible allophone of /ɹ/ in the syllable coda. See Bengali phonology
English Received Pronunciation crew 'crew' Only partially devoiced. It is a realization of /r/ after the word-initial fortis plosives /p, k/, unless they are preceded by /s/ within the same syllable. See English phonology

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "IPA i-charts (2018)". International Phonetic Association. Retrieved 5 June 2020.
  2. ^ Thelwall (1990), p. 37.
  3. ^ Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 18.
  4. ^ Gussenhoven (1992), p. 46.
  5. ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
  6. ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006), p. 255.
  7. ^ a b Mangold (2005:51)
  8. ^ a b Canepari (1992), p. 73.
  9. ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 117.
  10. ^ Treder, Jerzy. "Fonetyka i fonologia". Rastko. Archived from the original on 2014-11-02.
  11. ^ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), p. 156.
  12. ^ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999:156). The authors state that /ʃ/ is "pre-palatal, articulated with the blade of the tongue against the post-alveolar place of articulation". This makes it unclear whether this sound is palato-alveolar (somewhat palatalized post-alveolar) or alveolo-palatal (strongly palatalized post-alveolar).
  13. ^ a b c d Dubisz, Karaś & Kolis (1995), p. 62.
  14. ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
  15. ^ Medina (2010).
  16. ^ Mateus & d'Andrade (2000).
  17. ^ Silva (2003), p. 32.
  18. ^ Guimarães (2004).
  19. ^ a b Dąbrowska (2004:?)
  20. ^ Cotton & Sharp (2001:15)
  21. ^ Ladefoged (2005:168)
  22. ^ Krishnamurti (2003), p. 66.
  23. ^ Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
  24. ^ Merrill (2008), p. 108.
  25. ^ Silke, Hamann (2004). "Retroflex fricatives in Slavic languages" (PDF). Journal of the International Phonetic Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-04-14.
  26. ^ Khan (2010), p. 224.
  27. ^ Khan (2010), pp. 223–224.
  28. ^ Roach (2004), pp. 240–241.
  29. ^ Roach (2004), p. 240.

References

External links