The contemporary meaning of the term civil society is contested. It is sometimes considered to include the family and the private sphere, and referred to as the "third sector" of society, distinct from government and business.[១] Dictionary.com's 21st Century Lexicon defines civil society as 1) the aggregate of non-governmental organizations and institutions that manifest interests and will of citizens or 2) individuals and organizations in a society which are independent of the government.[២] Sometimes the term is used in the more general sense of "the elements such as freedom of speech, an independent judiciary, etc, that make up a democratic society" (Collins English Dictionary).[៣]
សត្រូវនៃសង្គមស៊ីវិល
John A. Hall lists 5 distinct enemies of civil society:
- Despotism: this is this idea of fear which discourages any type of group that's formed between society and government.
- Revival of the tradition of republican civic virtues: these are qualities that hold a moral value or moral principle and amount to dispositions to obey.
- Specific forms of nationalism: this would be where the rule of majority wins, and assimilation is used in order to form an ideal society.
- Totalizing ideologies
- Essentialist cultural ideals: these would be social cages of individuals that determine the function and value of that person in society.[៤]
អង្គភាព
មើលផងដែរ
Civil-society scholars
កំណត់ចំណាំ
ឯកសារយោង
- Alagappa, Muthiah. Civil Society and Political Change in Asia. Stanford: Standford University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-8047-5097-1
- Edwards, Michael. Civil Society. Cambridge, England: Polity Press, 2004. ISBN 0-7456-3133-9.
- Draper, Hal Karl Marx's Theory of Revolution (Volume 1: State and Bureaucracy, Volume 2: The Politics of Social Classes). New York: Monthly Review Press, 1977 & 1986.
- Gosewinkel, Dieter: Civil Society, European History Online, Mainz: Institute of European History, 2011, retrieved: August 24, 2011.
- Hemmati, Minu. Dodds, Felix. Enayati, Jasmin. and McHarry,Jan downloadable copy of Multistakeholder Processes for Governance and Sustainability:Beyond Deadlock and Conflict Archived 2017-12-09 at the វេយប៊ែខ ម៉ាស៊ីន.
- O'Connell,Brian.Civil Society: The Underpinnings of American Democracy.Medford, Mass:Tufts University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-87451-924-1.
- Perlas, Nicolas, Shaping Globalization – Civil Society, Cultural Power and Threefolding. ISBN 0-9583885-8-X .
- Pollock, Graham.Civil Society Theory and Euro-Nationalism Archived 2012-09-28 at the វេយប៊ែខ ម៉ាស៊ីន., Studies In Social & Political Thought, Issue 4, March 2001, pp. 31–56
- Tvedt, Terje. Angels of Mercy or Development Diplomats. NGOs & Foreign Aid. Oxford: James Currey, 1998.
- Whaites, Alan, Let's get civil society straight: NGOs and Political Theory, Development in Practice, 1996, [តំណភ្ជាប់ខូច]
- Whaites, Alan, NGOs, Civil Society and the State: Avoiding theoretical extremes in real world issues,' Development in Practice 1998 [តំណភ្ជាប់ខូច]
- Zaleski, Pawel Stefan, Tocqueville on Civilian Society: A Romantic Vision of the Dichotomic Structure of Social Reality, Archiv für Begriffsgeschichte Bd. 50/2008
តំណភ្ជាប់ខាងក្រៅ