Neophron percnopterus

*Neophron percnopterus*
Neophron percnopterus
	N. p. ginginianus
Korunma durumu
	; Tehlikede (IUCN 3.1)
Biyolojik sınıflandırma
Âlem:	Animalia
Şube:	Chordata
Sınıf:	Aves
Takım:	Accipitriformes
Familya:	Accipitridae
Cins:	Neophron; Savigny, 1809
Tür:	N. percnopterus
İkili adlandırma
	Neophron percnopterus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Neophron percnopterus (mısır akbabası, küçük akbaba) Neophron cinsine bağlı bir kuş türüdür.^[2] Neophron cinsinin tek türü olan Türkiye ve Avrupa'daki en küçük akbabadır. 60–70 cm boyunda, 155–180 cm kanat açıklığında, 1.8-2.4 kg ağırlığındadır.^[3] Gövdesi ve kanat örtüleri beyaz, kanat telekleri siyahtır. Leşlerin diğer akbabalardan kalan kısmı ile çöplük ve mezbahalardaki atıklarla beslenir.

1960 ve 2010 yılları arasında yarıdan fazlası yok olan tür IUCN (Dünya Doğayı Koruma Birliği) tarafından "tehlike altında" (endangered) statüsüne alınmıştır. Dünya Kuşları Koruma Birliği'ne (Birdlife International) göre Türkiye, bu türün Avrupa popülasyonunun yarısını barındırmaktadır. Ankara'nın Beypazarı ilçesi, türün en önemli üreme ve beslenme alanıdır.

Üreme

Küçük akbaba tek eşli bir türdür. Araştırmalara göre çiftleşme yumurtlamadan 25 gün önce gerçekleşmektedir.^[3] Yuvalarını farklı büyüklüklerde mağaralara ve çıkıntılara, kayalıklara hatta bazen harabe binalar üzerine yapmaktadırlar. Nadir de olsa yere yuva yaptığı ile ilgili bilgi bulunmaktadır.^[3]

Taksonomi

Neophron percnopterus türüne bağlı alttürler:

Neophron percnopterus ginginianus - (Latham, 1790)
Neophron percnopterus majorensis - Donazar, Negro, Palacios, Gangoso, Godoy, Ceballos, Hiraldo & Capote, 2002
Neophron percnopterus percnopterus - (Linnaeus, 1758)

Konuyla ilgili yayınlar

Agarwal, G.P.; Ahmad, Aftab; Arya, Gaurav; Saxena, Renu; Nisar, Arjumand; Saxena, A.K. (2012). "Chaetotaxy of three nymphal instars of an ischnoceran louse, Aegypoecus perspicuus (Phthiraptera: Insecta)". Journal of Applied and Natural Science. 4 (1): 92-95. doi:10.31018/jans.v4i1.230 .
Agostini, Nicolantonio; Premuda, Guido; Mellone, Ugo; Panuccio, Michele; Logozzo, Daniela; Bassi, Enrico; Cocchi, Leonardo (2004). "Crossing the sea en route to Africa: Autumn migration of some Accipitriformes over two Central Mediterranean islands" (PDF). The Ring. 26 (2): 71-78. doi:10.2478/v10050-008-0062-6. 26 Mart 2012 tarihinde kaynağından (PDF) arşivlendi3 Temmuz 2011.
Agudo, Rosa; Rico, Ciro; Vilà, Carles; Hiraldo, Fernando; Donázar, José (2010). "The role of humans in the diversification of a threatened island raptor". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 10: 384. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-384. PMC 3009672 $2. PMID 21144015.
Ali, Sálim; Ripley, Sidney Dillon (1978). Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan. 1 (2. bas.). Oxford University Press. ss. 310-314. ISBN 978-0-19-562063-4.
Anonymous (1854). Scripture natural history. Philadelphia: Presbyterian Board of Publication. s. 80.
Angelov, Ivaylo; Hashim, Ibrahim; Oppel, Steffen (2012). "Persistent electrocution mortality of Egyptian Vultures Neophron percnopterus over 28 years in East Africa". Bird Conservation International. 23: 1-6. doi:10.1017/S0959270912000123 .
Baker, E.C. Stuart (1928). The Fauna of British India. Birds. 5 (2. bas.). Londra: Taylor and Francis. ss. 22-24.
Baxter, R. M.; Urban, E. K.; Brown, L. H (1969). "A Nineteenth-century reference to the use of tools by the Egyptian vulture". Journal of the East Africa Natural History Society and National Museum. 27 (3): 231-232. 20 Haziran 2021 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi20 Nisan 2022.
Biddulph, C.H. (1937). "Unusual site for the nest of the White Scavenger Vulture Neophron percnopterus ginginianus (Lath.)". The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 39 (3): 635-636.
BirdLife International (2014). "Neophron percnopterus". IUCN Tehdit Altındaki Türlerin Kırmızı Listesi. 2017: e.T22695180A118600142. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22695180A118600142.en . |date= / |doi= mismatch
Carrete, Martina; Sánchez-Zapata, José A.; Benítez, José R.; Lobón, Manuel; Donázar, José A. (2009). "Large scale risk-assessment of wind-farms on population viability of a globally endangered long-lived raptor" (PDF). Biological Conservation. 142 (12): 2954-2961. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2009.07.027. hdl:10261/64944 . 20 Nisan 2022 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi (PDF)20 Nisan 2022.
Ceballos, Olga; Donázar, José Antonio (1990). "Roost-tree characteristics, food habits and seasonal abundance of roosting Egyptian Vultures in northern Spain". Journal of Raptor Research. 24 (1–2): 19-25. ISSN 0892-1016. 20 Haziran 2021 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi20 Nisan 2022.
Ceballos, Olga; Donázar, José Antonio (1989). "Factors influencing the breeding density and nest-site selection of Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus)". Journal of Ornithology. 130 (3): 353-359. doi:10.1007/BF01644748.
Clark, William S.; Schmitt, N.J. (1998). "Ageing Egyptian Vultures" (PDF). Alula. 4: 122-127. 20 Nisan 2022 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi (PDF)20 Nisan 2022.
Cortés-Avizanda, A.; Carrete, M.; Serrano, D.; Donázar, J.A. (2009). "Carcasses increase the probability of predation of ground-nesting birds: a caveat regarding the conservation value of vulture restaurants" (PDF). Animal Conservation. 12: 85-88. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1795.2008.00231.x. hdl:10261/35439 . 24 Eylül 2011 tarihinde kaynağından (PDF) arşivlendi.
Cortés-Avizanda, Ainara; Ceballos, Olga; Donázar, José A. (2009). "Long-Term Trends in Population Size and Breeding Success in the Egyptian Vulture (Neophron percnopterus) in Northern Spain" (PDF). Journal of Raptor Research. 43 (1): 43-49. doi:10.3356/JRR-08-24.1. hdl:10261/35441. 6 Mayıs 2021 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi (PDF)20 Nisan 2022.
Coultas, Harland (1876). Zoology of the Bible. Londra: Wesleyan Conference Office.
Cuthbert, R.; Green, R.E.; Ranade, S.; Saravanan, S.; Pain, D.J.; Prakash, V.; Cunningham, A.A. (2006). "Rapid population declines of Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus) and red-headed vulture (Sarcogyps calvus) in India". Animal Conservation. 9 (3): 349-354. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1795.2006.00041.x.
Dewar, Douglas (1906). Bombay Ducks. John Lane, London. s. 277.
Donázar, José Antonio; Ceballos, Olga (1989). "Growth rates of nestling Egyptian Vultures Neophron percnopterus in relation to brood size, hatching order and environmental factors" (PDF). Ardea. 77 (2): 217-226. ISSN 0373-2266.
Donázar, Jose A.; Ceballos, Olga (1988). "Red fox predation on fledgling Egyptian vultures". Journal of Raptor Research. 22 (3): 88. 20 Haziran 2021 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi20 Nisan 2022.
Donázar, José Antonio; Ceballos, Olga (1989). "Post-fledging dependence period and development of flight and foraging behaviour in the Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus" (PDF). Ardea. 78 (3): 387-394. ISSN 0373-2266.
Donázar, José A.; Ceballos, Olga (1990). "Acquisition of food by fledgling Egyptian Vultures Neophron percnopterus by nest-switching and acceptance by foster adults". Ibis. 132 (4): 603-607. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1990.tb00284.x.
Donázar, José A.; Ceballos, Olga; Tella, José L. (1994). "Copulation behaviour in the Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus". Bird Study. 41 (1): 37-41. doi:10.1080/00063659409477195 .
Donázar, José A.; Ceballos, Olga; Tella, José L. (1996). "Communal roosts of Egyptian vultures (Neophron percnopterus): dynamics and implications for the species conservation" (PDF). Muntaner, J. (Ed.). Biology and Conservation of Mediterranean Raptors. Monografía SEO-BirdLife, Madrid. ss. 189-201.
Donázar, José A.; Palacios, César J.; Gangoso, Laura; Ceballos, Olga; González, Maria J.; Hiraldo, Fernando (2002). "Conservation status and limiting factors in the endangered population of Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus) in the Canary Islands" (PDF). Biological Conservation. 107 (1): 89-97. doi:10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00049-6. hdl:10261/62576 . 30 Nisan 2022 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi (PDF)20 Nisan 2022.
Donázar, José Antonio; Negro, Juan José; Palacios, César Javier; Gangoso, Laura; Godoy, José Antonio; Ceballos, Olga; Hiraldo, Fernando; Capote, Nieves (2002). "Description of a new subspecies of the Egyptian Vulture (Accipitridae: Neophron percnopterus) from the Canary Islands". Journal of Raptor Research. 36 (1): 17-23. ISSN 0892-1016.
Elorriaga, Javier; Zuberogoitia, Iñigo; Castillo, Iñaki; Azkona, Ainara; Hidalgo, Sonia; Astorkia, Lander; Ruiz-Moneo, Fernando; Iraeta, Agurtzane (2009). "First Documented Case of Long-Distance Dispersal in the Egyptian Vulture (Neophron percnopterus)". Journal of Raptor Research. 43 (2): 142-145. doi:10.3356/JRR-08-53.1.
Feduccia, Alan (1974). "Another Old World Vulture from the New World". The Wilson Bulletin. 86 (3): 251-255. 5 Kasım 2021 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi20 Nisan 2022.
Ferguson-Lees, James; Christie, David A. (2001). Raptors of the World. Christopher Helm. ss. 417-420. ISBN 978-0-691-12684-5.
Galushin, V.M. (1975). "A comparative analysis of the density of predatory birds in two selected areas within the Palaearctic and Oriental regions, near Moscow and Delhi (IOC Abstracts)" (PDF). Emu. 74 (5): 331. doi:10.1071/MU974330. 24 Eylül 2015 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi (PDF)20 Nisan 2022.
Galushin, V. M. (2001). "Populations of vultures and other raptors in Delhi and neighboring areas from 1970's to 1990's". Parry-Jones, J.; Katzner, T. (Ed.). Report from the Workshop on Indian Gyps vultures: 4th Eurasian congress on raptors. Sevilla, Spain: aviary.org. ss. 13-15.
Gangoso, Laura (2005). "Ground nesting by Egyptian Vultures (Neophron percnopterus) in the Canary Islands" (PDF). Journal of Raptor Research. 39 (2): 186-187. ISSN 0892-1016. 24 Eylül 2020 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi (PDF)20 Nisan 2022.
Gangoso, Laura; Álvarez-Lloret, Pedro; Rodríguez-Navarro, Alejandro A. B.; Mateo, Rafael; Hiraldo, Fernando; Donázar, José Antonio (2009). "Long-term effects of lead poisoning on bone mineralization in vultures exposed to ammunition sources" (PDF). Environmental Pollution. 157 (2): 569-574. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2008.09.015. PMID 18995938. 30 Nisan 2022 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi (PDF)20 Nisan 2022.
García-Ripollés, Clara; López-López, Pascual (2006). Penteriani, Vincenzo (Ed.). "Population size and breeding performance of Egyptian vultures (Neophron percnopterus) in eastern Iberian Peninsula" (PDF). Journal of Raptor Research. 40 (3): 217-221. doi:10.3356/0892-1016(2006)40[217:PSABPO]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0892-1016. 20 Nisan 2022 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi (PDF)20 Nisan 2022.
García-Ripollés, Clara; López-López, Pascual; Urios, Vicente (2010). "First description of migration and wintering of adult Egyptian Vultures Neophron percnopterus tracked by GPS satellite telemetry" (PDF). Bird Study. 57 (2): 261-265. doi:10.1080/00063650903505762 . 20 Mart 2014 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi (PDF)20 Nisan 2022.
Grande, Juan M.; Serrano, David; Tavecchia, Giacomo; Carrete, Martina; Ceballos, Olga; Díaz-Delgado, Ricardo; Tella, José L.; Donázar, José A. (2009). "Survival in a long-lived territorial migrant: effects of life-history traits and ecological conditions in wintering and breeding areas" (PDF). Oikos. 118 (4): 580-590. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.501.401 $2. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0706.2009.17218.x. hdl:10261/58166. 30 Nisan 2022 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi (PDF)20 Nisan 2022.
Grimal, Pierre (1996). The dictionary of classical mythology. Wiley-Blackwell. s. 18. ISBN 978-0-631-20102-1.
Hartert, Ernst (1920). Die Vögel der paläarktischen Fauna. Volume 2. Berlin: Friendlander & Sohn. ss. 1200-1202.
Hernández, Mauro; Margalida, Antoni (2009). "Poison-related mortality effects in the endangered Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus) population in Spain" (PDF). European Journal of Wildlife Research. 55 (4): 415-423. doi:10.1007/s10344-009-0255-6. 20 Mart 2014 tarihinde kaynağından (PDF) arşivlendi7 Ağustos 2010.
Hertel, Fritz (1995). "Ecomorphological indicators of feeding behavior in recent and fossil raptors". The Auk. 112 (4): 890-903. doi:10.2307/4089021. hdl:10211.3/138737 . JSTOR 4089021. 20 Haziran 2021 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi20 Nisan 2022.
Hidalgo, S.; Zabala, J.; Zubergoitia, I.; Azkona, A.; Castillo, I. (2005). "Food of the Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus) in Biscay" (PDF). Buteo. 14: 23-29. 7 Aralık 2014 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi (PDF)20 Nisan 2022.
Ingerson, Ernest (1923). Birds in legend, fable and folklore. New York: Longmans, Green and Co.
Jardine, William; Selby, Prideaux John (1826). Illustrations of ornithology. 1. Edinburgh: W.H. Lizars.
Koenig, Alexander (1907). "Die Geier Aegyptens" [The Egyptian vulture]. Journal für Ornithologie (Almanca). 55: 59-134. doi:10.1007/BF02098853. 5 Kasım 2021 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi20 Nisan 2022.
Kretzmann, Maria B.; Capote, N.; Gautschi, B.; Godoy, J.A.; Donázar, J.A.; Negro, J.J. (2003). "Genetically distinct island populations of the Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus)". Conservation Genetics. 4 (6): 697-706. doi:10.1023/B:COGE.0000006123.67128.86. hdl:10261/39409 .
Latham, John (1787). Supplement to the General Synopsis of birds. Londra: Leigh & Sotheby. s. 7.
Liberatori, Fabio; Penteriani, Vincenzo (2001). "A long-term analysis of the declining population of the Egyptian vulture in the Italian peninsula: distribution, habitat preference, productivity and conservation implications" (PDF). Biological Conservation. 101 (3): 381-389. doi:10.1016/S0006-3207(01)00086-6. hdl:10261/62278 . 30 Nisan 2022 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi (PDF)20 Nisan 2022.
Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema Naturæ per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Volume 1 (Latince). v.1 (10. bas.). Holmiae:Laurentii Salvii. 2 Kasım 2021 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 20 Nisan 2022.
Margalida, A.; Benítez, J.R.; Sánchez-Zapata, J.A.; Ávila, E.; Arenas, R.; Donázar, J.A. (2012). "Long-term relationship between diet breadth and breeding success in a declining population of Egyptian Vultures Neophron percnopterus" (PDF). Ibis. 154: 184-188. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.2011.01189.x. hdl:10261/59019. 20 Mart 2014 tarihinde kaynağından (PDF) arşivlendi24 Nisan 2012.
Margalida, Antoni; Boudet, Jennifer (2003). "Dynamics and temporal variation in age structure at a communal roost of egyptian vultures (Neophron percnopterus) in northeastern Spain". Journal of Raptor Research. 37 (3): 252-256. 20 Haziran 2021 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi20 Nisan 2022.
Peters, James L. (1979). Mayr, Ernst; Cottrell, G.W. (Ed.). Check-list of birds of the world. 1 (2. bas.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. s. 304. 20 Nisan 2022 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 20 Nisan 2022.
Mateo, Patricia; Olea, Pedro P. (2007). "Egyptian Vultures (Neophron percnopterus) Attack Golden Eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) to Defend their Fledgling". Journal of Raptor Research. 41 (4): 339-340. doi:10.3356/0892-1016(2007)41[339:EVNPAG]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0892-1016.
Meyburg, Bernd-U.; Gallardo, Max; Meyburg, Christiane; Dimitrova, Elena (2004). "Migrations and sojourn in Africa of Egyptian vultures (Neophron percnopterus) tracked by satellite" (PDF). Journal of Ornithology. 145 (4): 273-280. doi:10.1007/s10336-004-0037-6.
Mundy, P.J. (1978). "The Egyptian vulture (Neophron Percnopterus) in Southern Africa". Biological Conservation. 14 (4): 307-315. doi:10.1016/0006-3207(78)90047-2.
Neelakantan, K.K. (1977). "The sacred birds of Thirukkalukundram". Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 17 (4): 6.
Negro, J.J.; Grande, J.M.; Tella, J.L.; Garrido, J.; Hornero, D.; Donázar, J.A.; Sanchez-Zapata, J.A.; Benítez, J.R.; Barcell, M. (2002). "Coprophagy: An unusual source of essential carotenoids" (PDF). Nature. 416 (6883): 807-808. Bibcode:2002Natur.416..807N. doi:10.1038/416807a. hdl:10261/34871 . PMID 11976670. 20 Mart 2014 tarihinde kaynağından (PDF) arşivlendi10 Ağustos 2010.
Palacios, César-Javier (2004). "Current status and distribution of birds of prey in the Canary Islands". Bird Conservation International. 14 (3): 203-213. doi:10.1017/S0959270904000255 .
Palacios, César-Javier (2000). "Decline of the Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus) in the Canary Islands". Journal of Raptor Research. 34 (1): 61. 20 Haziran 2021 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi20 Nisan 2022.
Paynter, W.P. (1924). "Lesser White Scavenger Vulture N. ginginianus nesting on the ground". The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 30 (1): 224-225. 20 Nisan 2022 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi20 Nisan 2022.
Pope, G.U. (1900). The Tiruvacagam or Sacred utterances of the Tamil poet, saint, and sage Manikka-vacagar. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Prakash, Vibhu; Nanjappa, C. (1988). "An instance of active predation by Scavenger Vulture (Neophron p. ginginianus) on Checkered Keelback watersnake (Xenochrophis piscator) in Keoladeo National Park, Bharatpur, Rajasthan". The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 85 (2): 419. 20 Nisan 2022 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi20 Nisan 2022.
Rasmussen, P.C.; Anderton, J.C. (2005). Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide. 2. Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions. s. 89.
Seibold, I.; Helbig, A.J. (1995). "Evolutionary History of New and Old World Vultures Inferred from Nucleotide Sequences of the Mitochondrial Cytochrome b Gene". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 350 (1332): 163-178. Bibcode:1995RSPTB.350..163S. doi:10.1098/rstb.1995.0150. PMID 8577858.
Siromoney, Gift (1977). "The Neophron Vultures of Thirukkalukundram". Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 17 (6): 1-4.
Spaar, Reto (1997). "Flight strategies of migrating raptors; a comparative study of interspecific variation in flight characteristics". Ibis. 139 (3): 523-535. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1997.tb04669.x.
Stoyanova, Yva; Stefanov, Nikolai (1993). "Predation upon nestling Egyptian Vultures (Neophron percnopterus) in the Vratsa Mountains of Bulgaria". Journal of Raptor Research. 27 (2): 123. ISSN 0892-1016. 20 Haziran 2021 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi20 Nisan 2022.
Stoyanova, Yva; Stefanov, Nikolai; Schmutz, Josef K. (2010). "Twig Used as a Tool by the Egyptian Vulture (Neophron percnopterus)". Journal of Raptor Research. 44 (2): 154-156. doi:10.3356/JRR-09-20.1. hdl:10261/65850 .
Suárez-Pérez, A.; Ramírez, A.S.; Rosales, R.S.; Calabuig, P.; Poveda, C.; Rosselló-Móra, R.; Nicholas, R.A.J.; Poveda, J.B. (2012). "Mycoplasma neophronis sp. nov., isolated from the upper respiratory tract of Canarian Egyptian vultures (Neophron percnopterus majorensis)". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 62 (Pt 6): 1321-1325. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.033803-0 . ISSN 1466-5026. PMID 21828019.
Stratton-Porter, Gene (1909). Birds of the Bible. Cincinnati: Jennings and Graham. s. 182.
Tella, José Luis (1993). "Polyandrous trios in a population of Egyptian vultures (Neophron percnopterus)". Journal of Raptor Research. 27 (2): 119-120. 20 Haziran 2021 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi20 Nisan 2022.
Tella, José L.; Mañosa, Santi (1993). "Eagle owl predation on Egyptian vulture and northern goshawk: possible effect of a decrease in European rabbit availability". Journal of Raptor Research. 27 (2): 111-112. 22 Temmuz 2020 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi20 Nisan 2022.
Thompson, D'Arcy Wentworth (1895). A glossary of Greek birds. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Thouless, C.R.; Fanshawe, J.H.; Bertram, B.C.R. (1989). "Egyptian Vultures Neophron percnopterus and Ostrich Struthio camelus eggs: The origins of stone-throwing behaviour". Ibis. 131: 9-15. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1989.tb02737.x.
Thurston, E.W. (1906). Ethnographic notes in southern India. Madras: Government Press.
van Lawick-Goodall, Jane; van Lawick, Hugo (1966). "Use of Tools by the Egyptian Vulture, Neophron percnopterus". Nature. 212 (5069): 1468-1469. Bibcode:1966Natur.212.1468V. doi:10.1038/2121468a0.
van Overveld, T.; de la Riva, M.; Donázar, J. A. (2017). "Cosmetic coloration in Egyptian vultures: Mud bathing as a tool for social communication?". Ecology. 98 (8): 2216-2218. doi:10.1002/ecy.1840. PMID 28481410. 20 Nisan 2022 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi20 Nisan 2022.
van Overveld, Thijs; Sol, Daniel; Blanco, Guillermo; Margalida, Antoni; de la Riva, Manuel; Donázar, José Antonio (2021). "Vultures as an overlooked model in cognitive ecology". Animal Cognition (İngilizce). doi:10.1007/s10071-021-01585-2. ISSN 1435-9448.
Whistler, Hugh (1949). Popular Handbook of Indian Birds (4. bas.). Londra: Gurney & Jackson. ss. 356-357. ISBN 978-1-4067-4576-4.
Whistler, Hugh (1922). "The birds of Jhang district, S.W.Punjab. Part II. Non-Passerine birds". Ibis. 64 (3): 401-437. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1922.tb01326.x.
Wink, Michael (1995). "Phylogeny of Old and New World Vultures (Aves: Accipitridae and Cathartidae) Inferred from Nucleotide Sequences of the Mitochondrial Cytochrome b Gene" (PDF). Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C. 50 (11/12): 868-882. doi:10.1515/znc-1995-11-1220. PMID 8561830. 16 Mart 2012 tarihinde kaynağından (PDF) arşivlendi9 Ağustos 2010.
Wink, Michael; Heidrich, Petra; Fentzloff, Claus (1996). "A mtDNA phylogeny of sea eagles (genus Haliaeetus) based on nucleotide sequences of the cytochrome b-gene" (PDF). Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 24 (7–8): 783-791. doi:10.1016/S0305-1978(96)00049-X. 29 Ekim 2008 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi (PDF)20 Nisan 2022.
Yosef, Reuven; Alon, Dan (1997). "Do immature Palearctic Egyptian Vultures Neophron percnopterus remain in Africa during the northern summer?". Vogelwelt. 118: 285-289.
Yosef, Reuven; Kabesa, Shai; Yosef, Nufar (2011). "Set a thief to catch a thief: brown-necked raven (Corvus ruficollis) cooperatively kleptoparasitize Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus)". Naturwissenschaften (İngilizce). 98 (5): 443-446. doi:10.1007/s00114-011-0777-0. ISSN 0028-1042.
Zarudny, V.; Härms, M. (1902). "Neue Vogelarten". Ornithologische Monatsberichte (Almanca) (4): 49-55.