Toya, Banyu utawi Yéh (rumus kimia H2O) silih tunggil kimia anorganik, bening, tan marasa, tan maambu, miwah nampék ening, sané dados panyusun utama saking hidrosférgumi miwah cairan saking makasami organisme urip sané kauningin (ring dija punika dados palarut). Sanget mabuat antuk makasami rupa kauripan, yadiastun nénten ngayediayang kalori utawi nutrisi organik. Rumus kimia H2O, nganikayang pinaka soang-soang molekul nyané madaging asiki atomoksigén miwah kalih hidrogén, sané kahubungin olih iketan kovalén. Atom hidrogen ngeleket ring atom oksigén nyiku 104.45°. "Toya" pinaka aran ring paindikan éncéh H2O ring paindikan standar antuk suhu miwah tekanan.
Ball, Philip (2001). Life's matrix : a biography of water (édisi ka-1st). Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. ISBN9780520230088.
Debenedetti, PG., and HE Stanley, "Supercooled and Glassy Water", Physics Today56 (6), pp. 40–46 (2003). Downloadable PDF (1.9 MB)
Franks, Felix (2007). Water : a matrix of life (édisi ka-2nd). Royal Society of Chemistry. ISBN9781847552341.
Gleick, PH., (editor), The World's Water: The Biennial Report on Freshwater Resources. Island Press, Washington, D.C. (published every two years, beginning in 1998.) The World's Water, Island Press
Jones, Oliver A.; Lester, John N.; Voulvoulis, Nick (2005). "Pharmaceuticals: a threat to drinking water?". Trends in Biotechnology. 23 (4): 163–167. doi:10.1016/j.tibtech.2005.02.001. PMID15780706.