Apali language
Today, Apali language is a topic of great relevance and interest to a wide spectrum of people. Both in the academic field and in the world of work, Apali language has gained unprecedented importance due to its multiple implications in today's society. From its impact on the economy to its influence on politics and culture, Apali language has become a topic of constant debate. In this article, we will explore the different facets of Apali language and analyze its relevance in various contexts. From its origins to its future projection, Apali language continues to generate great interest and controversy, so it is essential to deepen our understanding in order to effectively address its challenges and opportunities.
| Apalɨ | |
|---|---|
| Emerum | |
| Munga | |
| Native to | Papua New Guinea |
| Region | Madang Province |
Native speakers | 980 (2003)[1] |
Trans–New Guinea
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | ena |
| Glottolog | apal1256 |
Apalɨ (Apal), or Emerum, is a Papuan language of Madang Province, Papua New Guinea. Akɨ and Acɨ are two dialects that are quite different from each other.[2]
Phonology
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | ɨ | u |
| Mid | e | o | |
| Open | a |
Evolution
Below are some reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea proposed by Pawley (2012).[2]
- Sources abbreviations
| proto-Trans-New Guinea | Apalɨ |
|---|---|
| *maŋgV ‘compact round object’ | maŋgɨ ‘egg’ |
| *mapVn ‘liver’ | mapɨn |
| *maŋgat ‘teeth, mouth’ | mɨka |
| *mVkVm ‘jaw’ | mukum |
| *(m,mb)elak ‘light, lightning’ | (Osum and Paynamar mira, Moresada merak) |
| *kumV- ‘die’ | kɨm- |
| *k(o,u)ma(n,ŋ) ‘neck, nape’ | (sa)kum ‘nape’ |
| *iman ‘louse’ | iman |
| *na- ‘eat’ | n |
| pMadang *na ‘2SG free pronoun’ | nama (cf. also na- ‘2SG POSS’) |
| pMadang *nu ‘3SG free pronoun’ | numbu (cf. also nu- ‘3SG POSS’) |
| *nVŋg- ‘know, hear, see’ | iŋg- (some other S Adelbert languages have niŋg-) |
| *kambena ‘arm’ | human |
| *kin(i,u)- ‘sleep’ | (?) hɨni- ‘be, stay, exist’ |
| *ani ‘who?’ | ani |
| *(s,nd)umu(n,t) ‘hair’ | (?) mɨnɨ |
| *mapVn ‘liver’ | maßɨn |
| *iman ‘louse’ | iman |
| *takVn ‘moon’ | (Acɨ dial.) takun (Z), (Akɨ dial.) lakun (W) |
| *sa(ŋg,k)asiŋ ‘sand’ | kasɨŋ (Z) |
| *mb(i,u)t(i,u)C ‘fingernail’ | tɨpi (metath.) (Z) |
| *imbi ‘name’ | imbi (W) |
| *tumba(C) ‘short’ | tɨmbɨ (W) |
| *si(mb,p)at ‘saliva’ | sɨmbu ‘spit’ |
| *simbil ‘navel’ | (Akɨ) simbilɨm, (Acɨ) cimbilɨm ‘placenta, navel, umbilical cord’ (W) |
| *si(m,mb)(i,u) + modifier ‘buttocks’ | susum ‘lower buttocks’ |
| *kambena ‘arm, forearm’ | human (W) |
| *mapVn ‘liver’ | maβɨn (W) |
| *apa ‘father’ | iaβaŋ (W) |
| *apus‘grandparent’ | aβe ‘grandmother’ |
| *apa(pa)ta ‘butterfly’ | (?) afafaŋ (Z) |
| *ka(nd,t)(e,i)kV ‘ear’ | hinji (W) |
| *kindil ‘root’ | hɨnjɨlɨ (W) |
| *tumba(C) ‘short’ | tɨmbɨ (W, Z) |
| *takVn ‘moon’ | (Acɨ dial.) takun (Z) |
| *takVn ‘moon’ | lakun (W) |
| *kumut, *tumuk ‘thunder’ | lɨmbɨ(lami) ‘to thunder’ |
| *mb(i,u)t(i,u)C ‘fingernail’ | tɨpi (metath.) (Z) |
| *kit(i,u) ‘leg’ | gɨtɨ (Z) |
| *kutV(mb,p)(a,u) ‘long’ | (Akɨ) hutaŋ (W), (Acɨ) kutes (Z) |
| *si(mb,p)at ‘saliva’ | sɨmbu ‘spit’ |
| *maŋgat ‘teeth, mouth’ | mɨka (W) |
| *si(mb,p)at ‘saliva’ | sɨmbu ‘spit’ |
| *simb(i,u) ‘guts’ | su ‘faeces’ |
| *simbil ‘navel’ | (Akɨ) simbilɨm, (Acɨ) cimbilɨm (both W) |
| *si(m,mb)(i,u) + modifier ‘buttocks’ | susum (W) |
| *sa(ŋg,k)asiŋ ‘sand’ | kasɨŋ (Z) |
| *maŋgV ‘compact round object’ | maŋgɨ ‘egg’ |
| *nVŋg- ‘know, hear, see’ | i ŋg- ‘see’ |
| *maŋgat ‘teeth, mouth’ | mɨka (W) |
| *kumV- ‘die’ | kɨm- ‘die’ |
| *k(o,u)ma(n,ŋ) ‘neck, nape’ | (sa)kum ‘nape’ |
| *kambena ‘arm’ | human (W) |
| *kindil ‘root’ | hɨnjɨlɨ (W) (cf. gɨndrɨ ‘root’ |
| *ka(nd,t)(e,i)kV ‘ear’ | hɨnji (W) |
| *kin(i,u)- ‘sleep, lie down’ | hɨni- ‘be, stay, exist’ |
| *kutV(mb,p)(a,u) ‘long’ | hutaŋ (W) |
| *kumV- ‘die’ | hɨmi- (W) |
| *kit(i,u) ‘leg’ | gɨtɨ (Z) |
| *mVkVm ‘cheek’ | (Acɨ) mukum (W), Akɨ mɨhum (W) |
| *takVn ‘moon’ | lakun (W) |
| *ka(nd,t)(e,i)kV ‘ear’ | hɨnji (W) |
| *tumuk ‘to thunder’ | (?) lɨmbɨ(lami) (W) |
| *kindil ‘root’ | hɨndɨlɨ (W) (Z. gives gundru) |
References
- ^ Apalɨ at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ a b Pawley, Andrew (2012). Hammarström, Harald; van den Heuvel, Wilco (eds.). "How reconstructable is proto Trans New Guinea? Problems, progress, prospects". History, Contact and Classification of Papuan Languages (Language & Linguistics in Melanesia Special Issue 2012: Part I). Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea: Linguistic Society of Papua New Guinea: 88–164. hdl:1885/38602. ISSN 0023-1959.
- ^ Daniels, Don Roger (June 2015). "A Reconstruction of Proto-Sogeram". Alexandria Digital Research Library: 84–85.
- ^ Wade, Martha. n.d. Dictionary of the Apalɨ language. Printout. Madang: Pioneer Bible Translators.
- ^ Z’graggen, John A. 1980. A comparative word list of the Southern Adelbert Range languages, Madang Province, Papua New Guinea. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.