Arapahoan languages
Today, Arapahoan languages is a topic of great importance and interest to many people around the world. From its origins to its relevance today, Arapahoan languages has captured the attention of academics, professionals and hobbyists alike. With a rich and complex history, Arapahoan languages has influenced both cultural and social aspects, and its impact continues to be the subject of debate and study in various disciplines. In this article, we will explore the importance of Arapahoan languages and its relevance in our current society, as well as the challenges and opportunities it represents for the future.
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (October 2018) |
| Arapahoan | |
|---|---|
| Geographic distribution | United States |
| Linguistic classification | Algic
|
| Subdivisions |
|
| Glottolog | arap1273 |
The Arapahoan languages are a subgroup of the Plains group of Algonquian languages: Nawathinehena, Arapaho, and Gros Ventre.
Nawathinehena is extinct and Arapaho and Gros Ventre are both endangered.
Besawunena, attested only from a word list collected by Kroeber, differs only slightly from Arapaho, but a few of its sound changes resemble those seen in Gros Ventre. It had speakers among the Northern Arapaho as recently as the late 1920s. [citation needed]
Nawathinehena is also attested only from a word list collected by Kroeber, and was the most divergent language of the group. [citation needed]
Another reported Arapahoan variety is the extinct Ha'anahawunena, but there is no documentation of it.[citation needed]
Classification
The Glottolog database classifies the Arapahoan languages as follows:
- Arapahoic
- Arapaho–Gros Ventre–Besawunena
- Nawathinehena
Notes
- ^ Lewis, M. Paul (ed.), 2009. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International
- ^ Goddard 2001:74-76, 79
- ^ "Nawathinehena (Nawathi'nehena)". www.native-languages.org.
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2023-06-10). "Glottolog 4.8 - Arapahoic". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7398962. Archived from the original on 2023-08-24. Retrieved 2023-09-06.
- ^ Although Glottolog's name for this branch mentions Besawunena, it is not listed within either of the two langoids or in its own langoid.
References
- Goddard, Ives (2001). "The Algonquian Languages of the Plains." In Plains, Part I, ed. Raymond J. DeMallie. Vol. 13 of Handbook of North American Indians, ed. William C. Sturtevant. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, pp. 71–79.
- Marianne Mithun (1999). The Languages of Native North America. Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
External links
- "Arapaho" at Native-languages.org
- "Gros Ventre" at Native-languages.org
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