Nowadays, Black yeast is a topic that has captured the attention of many people around the world. Whether due to its impact on daily life, its historical relevance or its influence on different sectors, Black yeast has acquired significant importance today. From its origins to its evolution over time, Black yeast has been the subject of study, debate and reflection by experts and fans alike. In this article, we will explore different aspects related to Black yeast, analyzing its importance, its implications and its relevance in today's society.
Group of fungi
Black yeasts, sometimes also black fungi, dematiaceous fungi, microcolonial fungi or meristematic fungi is a diverse group of slow-growing microfungi which reproduce mostly asexually (fungi imperfecti). Only few genera reproduce by budding cells, while in others hyphal or meristematic (isodiametric) reproduction is preponderant. Black yeasts share some distinctive characteristics, in particular a dark colouration (melanisation) of their cell wall. Morphological plasticity, incrustation of the cell wall with melanins and presence of other protective substances like carotenoids and mycosporines represent passive physiological adaptations which enable black fungi to be highly resistant against environmental stresses. The term "polyextremotolerance" has been introduced to describe this phenotype, an example of which is the species Aureobasidium pullulans. Presence of 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene melanin in the cell wall confers to the microfungi their characteristic olivaceous to dark brown/black colour.
The consortium comprises two phylogenetically very different fungal groups. Many are found in the orders Capnodiales, Dothideales, and Pleosporales (class Dothideomycetes). These black fungi mostly have an extremotolerant life style. Many representatives of this group can colonize bare rocks, e.g. in the Mediterranean basin or in hot and cold dry deserts, and are therefore referred to as rock-inhabiting fungi, or occur in salterns. These black yeasts are believed to be the most resistant eukaryotic organisms known to-date. They were firstly described in the early 80s by three almost concomitant seminal research articles. Members of Chaetothyriales (class Eurotiomycetes) are found in hydrocarbon-rich environments or in nutrient-poor, moist indoor environments, and may occur as opportunistic pathogens of vertebrate hosts, such as Exophiala (Wangiella) dermatitidis. Several species are associated with lichens as well as other phototrophs and sometimes with ants in specific ant-fungi associations.
In 2011, a research paper about occurrence of potentially pathogenic black fungi in household dishwashers was partially misreported by the media and went viral.[citation needed]
Black yeasts are not related to the edible cloud ear fungusAuricularia polytricha.
^Voglmayr, Hermann; Mayer, Veronika; Maschwitz, Ulrich; Moog, Joachim; Djieto-Lordon, Champlain; Blatrix, Rumsaïs (2011). "The diversity of ant-associated black yeasts: Insights into a newly discovered world of symbiotic interactions". Fungal Biology. 115 (10): 1077–91. doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2010.11.006. PMID21944219.
^Gorbushina, A. A.; Krumbein, W. E.; Hamman, C. H.; Panina, L.; Soukharjevski, S.; Wollenzien, U. (1993). "Role of black fungi in color change and biodeterioration of antique marbles". Geomicrobiology Journal. 11 (3–4): 205–221. Bibcode:1993GmbJ...11..205G. doi:10.1080/01490459309377952.