External Data Representation
In this article, the topic of External Data Representation will be addressed, which has gained great relevance in recent years. External Data Representation is a topic that has aroused the interest of experts and the general public, due to its impact on different areas of society. Throughout this article, different aspects related to External Data Representation will be explored, from its origin to its evolution today. The impact that External Data Representation has had in various sectors will be analyzed, as well as the future perspectives that are envisioned around this topic. In addition, different positions and perspectives of experts in the field will be presented, with the aim of providing a broad and complete vision of External Data Representation.
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External Data Representation (XDR) is a technical standard format for data serialization, for uses such as computer network protocols. It allows data to be transferred between different kinds of computer systems. Converting from the local representation to XDR is called encoding. Converting from XDR to the local representation is called decoding. XDR is implemented as a software library of functions which is portable between different operating systems and is also independent of the transport layer.
XDR uses a base unit of 4 bytes, 32 bits, serialized in big-endian order; smaller data types still occupy four bytes each after encoding. Variable-length types such as string and opaque are padded to a total divisible by four bytes. Floating-point numbers are represented in IEEE 754 format.
History
XDR was developed in the mid 1980s at Sun Microsystems, and first widely published in 1987.[2] XDR became an Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Internet Standard in 1995.
The XDR data format is in use by many systems, including:
- Network File System protocol
- ZFS, former Zettabyte File System
- Network Data Management Protocol (NDMP)
- Open Network Computing Remote Procedure Call (Sun RPC)
- EMC NetWorker, former Legato NetWorker, backup software, sold later by EMC
- NetCDF, a scientific data format
- The R language and environment for statistical computing
- The HTTP-NG binary wire protocol
- The SpiderMonkey JavaScript engine, to serialize/deserialize compiled JavaScript code
- The Ganglia distributed monitoring system
- The sFlow network monitoring standard
- The libvirt virtualization library, application programming interface (API) and user interface (UI)
- The Firebird (database server) for remote binary wire protocol
- Stellar payment network
XDR data types
- boolean
- int – 32-bit integer
- unsigned int – unsigned 32-bit integer
- hyper – 64-bit integer
- unsigned hyper – unsigned 64-bit integer
- IEEE float
- IEEE double
- quadruple – new in RFC1832
- enumeration
- structure
- string
- fixed length array
- variable length array
- union – discriminated union
- fixed length opaque data
- variable length opaque data
- void – zero byte quantity
- optional – optional data is notated similarly to C pointers, but is represented as the data type "pointed to" with a Boolean "present or not" flag. Semantically this is option type.
See also
- Structured Data eXchange Format (SDXF)
- Remote procedure call
- Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1)
- Data Format Description Language
- Comparison of data-serialization formats
References
- ^ "X.225 : Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Connection-oriented Session protocol: Protocol specification". Archived from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
- ^ Sun Microsystems (1 June 1987). "XDR: External Data Representation Standard". RFC 1014. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC1014. Retrieved 20 June 2025.
External links
The XDR standard exists in three different versions in the following RFCs:
- RFC 4506 2006 This document makes no technical changes to RFC 1832 and is published for the purposes of noting IANA considerations, augmenting security considerations, and distinguishing normative from informative references.
- RFC 1832 1995 version. Added quadruple precision floating point to RFC 1014.
- RFC 1014 1987 version.
- Cisco's XDR: Technical Notes
- jsxdrapi.c, the main source file of SpiderMonkey that uses XDR
- protocol.cpp main xdr source file used in Firebird remote protocol
- The GNU Libc implementation of rpcgen, the XDR parser.
- Mu Dynamics Research Labs racc grammar for XDR
- IvmaiAsn ASN1/ECN/XDR Tools (a collection of tools containing an XDR/RPC-to-ASN.1 converter)