Hardy hierarchy

In computability theory, computational complexity theory and proof theory, the Hardy hierarchy, named after G. H. Hardy, is a hierarchy of sets of numerical functions generated from an ordinal-indexed family of functions h_α: N → N (where N is the set of natural numbers, {0, 1, ...}) called Hardy functions. It is related to the fast-growing hierarchy and slow-growing hierarchy.

The Hardy hierarchy was introduced by Stanley S. Wainer in 1972,^[1][2] but the idea of its definition comes from Hardy's 1904 paper,^[2][3] in which Hardy exhibits a set of reals with cardinality ${\displaystyle \aleph _{1}}$.

Let μ be a large countable ordinal such that a fundamental sequence is assigned to every limit ordinal less than μ. The Hardy functions h_α: N → N, for α < μ, is then defined as follows:

• ${\displaystyle H_{0}(n)=n,}$
• ${\displaystyle H_{\alpha +1}(n)=H_{\alpha }(n+1),}$
• ${\displaystyle H_{\alpha }(n)=H_{\alpha }(n)}$ if α is a limit ordinal.

Here α denotes the n^th element of the fundamental sequence assigned to the limit ordinal α. A standardized choice of fundamental sequence for all α ≤ ε₀ is described in the article on the fast-growing hierarchy.

The Hardy hierarchy ${\displaystyle \{{\mathcal {H}}_{\alpha }\}_{\alpha <\mu }}$ is a family of numerical functions. For each ordinal α, a set ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {H}}_{\alpha }}$ is defined as the smallest class of functions containing H_α, zero, successor and projection functions, and closed under limited primitive recursion and limited substitution^[2] (similar to Grzegorczyk hierarchy).

Caicedo (2007) defines a modified Hardy hierarchy of functions ${\displaystyle H_{\alpha }}$ by using the standard fundamental sequences, but with α (instead of α) in the third line of the above definition.

The Wainer hierarchy of functions f_α and the Hardy hierarchy of functions H_α are related by f_α = H_ω^α for all α < ε₀. Thus, for any α < ε₀, H_α grows much more slowly than does f_α. However, the Hardy hierarchy "catches up" to the Wainer hierarchy at α = ε₀, such that f_ε0 and H_ε0 have the same growth rate, in the sense that f_ε0(n-1) ≤ H_ε0(n) ≤ f_ε0(n+1) for all n ≥ 1. (Gallier 1991)

• Hardy, G.H. (1904), "A theorem concerning the infinite cardinal numbers", Quarterly Journal of Mathematics, 35: 87–94
• Gallier, Jean H. (1991), "What's so special about Kruskal's theorem and the ordinal Γ₀? A survey of some results in proof theory" (PDF), Ann. Pure Appl. Logic, 53 (3): 199–260, doi:10.1016/0168-0072(91)90022-E, MR 1129778. (In particular Section 12, pp. 59–64, "A Glimpse at Hierarchies of Fast and Slow Growing Functions".)
• Caicedo, A. (2007), "Goodstein's function" (PDF), Revista Colombiana de Matemáticas, 41 (2): 381–391.