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Heats of vaporization of the elements (data page)

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Main article: Vapor pressure

Heat of vaporization

kJ/mol
1 H hydrogen (H2)
use (H2) 0.904
CRC (H2) 0.90
LNG 0.904
2 He helium
use 0.0829
CRC 0.08
LNG 0.0829
WEL 0.083
3 Li lithium
use 136
LNG 147.1
WEL 147
Zhang et al. 136
4 Be beryllium
use 292
LNG 297
WEL 297
Zhang et al. 292
5 B boron
use 508
CRC 480
LNG 480
WEL 507
Zhang et al. 508
6 C carbon
use
WEL (sublimation) 715
7 N nitrogen (N2)
use (N2) 5.57
CRC (N2) 5.57
LNG (N2) 5.577
WEL (per mole N atoms) 2.79
Zhang et al. 5.58
8 O oxygen (O2)
use (O2) 6.82
CRC (O2) 6.82
LNG (O2) 6.820
WEL (per mole O atoms) 3.41
Zhang et al. 6.82
9 F fluorine (F2)
use (F2) 6.62
CRC (F2) 6.62
LNG (F2) 6.62
WEL (per mole F atoms) 3.27
Zhang et al. 6.32
10 Ne neon
use 1.71
CRC 1.71
LNG 1.71
WEL 1.75
Zhang et al. 1.9
11 Na sodium
use 97.42
LNG 97.42
WEL 97.7
Zhang et al. 97.4
12 Mg magnesium
use 128
LNG 128
WEL 128
Zhang et al. 132
13 Al aluminium
use 284
CRC 294
LNG 294.0
WEL 293
Zhang et al. 284
14 Si silicon
use 359
LNG 359
WEL 359
Zhang et al. 383
15 P phosphorus
use 12.4
CRC 12.4
LNG 12.4
WEL 12.4
Zhang et al. 51.9 (white)
16 S sulfur
use (mono) 45
CRC 45
LNG (mono) 45
WEL 9.8
Zhang et al. 45
17 Cl chlorine (Cl2)
use (Cl2) 20.41
CRC (Cl2) 20.41
LNG (Cl2) 20.41
WEL (per mole Cl atoms) 10.2
Zhang et al. 20.4
18 Ar argon
use 6.53
CRC 6.43
LNG 6.43
WEL 6.5
Zhang et al. 6.53
19 K potassium
use 76.90
LNG 76.90
WEL 76.9
Zhang et al. 79.1
20 Ca calcium
use 154.7
LNG 154.7
WEL 155
Zhang et al. 153
21 Sc scandium
use 332.7
LNG 332.7
WEL 318
Zhang et al. 310
22 Ti titanium
use 425
LNG 425
WEL 425
Zhang et al. 427
23 V vanadium
use 444
LNG 459
WEL 453
Zhang et al. 451
24 Cr chromium
use 339.5
LNG 339.5
WEL 339
Zhang et al. 347
25 Mn manganese
use 221
LNG 221
WEL 220
Zhang et al. 225
26 Fe iron
use 340
LNG 340
WEL 347
Zhang et al. 354
27 Co cobalt
use 377
LNG 377
WEL 375
Zhang et al. 390
28 Ni nickel
use 379
LNG 377.5
WEL 378
Zhang et al. 379
29 Cu copper
use 300.4
LNG 300.4
WEL 300
Zhang et al. 305
30 Zn zinc
use 115
LNG 123.6
WEL 119
Zhang et al. 115
31 Ga gallium
use 256
CRC 254
LNG 254
WEL 256
Zhang et al. 256
32 Ge germanium
use 334
CRC 334
LNG 334
WEL 334
Zhang et al. 330
33 As arsenic
use 32.4
WEL 32.4 (sublimation)
Zhang et al. 32.4
34 Se selenium
use 95.48
CRC 95.48
LNG 95.48
WEL 26
Zhang et al. 95.5
35 Br bromine (Br2)
use (Br2) 29.96
CRC (Br2) 29.96
LNG (Br2) 29.96
WEL (per mole Br atoms) 14.8
Zhang et al. 30
36 Kr krypton
use 9.08
CRC 9.08
LNG 9.08
WEL 9.02
Zhang et al. 9.03
37 Rb rubidium
use 75.77
LNG 75.77
WEL 72
Zhang et al. 69
38 Sr strontium
use 141
LNG 136.9
WEL 137
Zhang et al. 141
39 Y yttrium
use 390
LNG 365
WEL 380
Zhang et al. 363
40 Zr zirconium
use 573
LNG 573
WEL 580
Zhang et al. 591
41 Nb niobium
use 689.9
LNG 689.9
WEL 690
Zhang et al. 682
42 Mo molybdenum
use 617
LNG 617
WEL 600
Zhang et al. 617
43 Tc technetium
use 585.2
LNG 585.2
WEL 550
44 Ru ruthenium
use 619
LNG 591.6
WEL 580
Zhang et al. 619
45 Rh rhodium
use 494
LNG 494
WEL 495
Zhang et al. 493
46 Pd palladium
use 358
LNG 362
WEL 380
Zhang et al. 358
47 Ag silver
use 254
LNG 258
WEL 255
Zhang et al. 254
48 Cd cadmium
use 99.87
CRC 99.87
LNG 99.9
WEL 100
Zhang et al. 100
49 In indium
use 231.8
LNG 231.8
WEL 230
Zhang et al. 225
50 Sn tin
use (white) 296.1
LNG (white) 296.1
WEL 290
Zhang et al. 296
51 Sb antimony
use 193.43
LNG 193.43
WEL 68
Zhang et al. 193
52 Te tellurium
use 114.1
CRC 114.1
LNG 114.1
WEL 48
Zhang et al. 114
53 I iodine (I2)
use (I2) 41.57
CRC (I2) 41.57
LNG (I2) 41.6
WEL (per mole I atoms) 20.9
Zhang et al. 41.6
54 Xe xenon
use 12.64
CRC 12.57
LNG 12.64
WEL 12.64
Zhang et al. 12.6
55 Cs caesium
use 63.9
LNG 63.9
WEL 65
Zhang et al. 66.1
56 Ba barium
use 140.3
CRC 140
LNG 140.3
WEL 140
Zhang et al. 142
57 La lanthanum
use 400
LNG 402.1
WEL 400
Zhang et al. 400
58 Ce cerium
use 398
LNG 398
WEL 350
Zhang et al. 398
59 Pr praseodymium
use 331
LNG 331
WEL 330
Zhang et al. 331
60 Nd neodymium
use 289
LNG 289
WEL 285
Zhang et al. 289
61 Pm promethium
use 289
LNG 289
WEL 290
62 Sm samarium
use 192
LNG 165
WEL 175
Zhang et al. 192
63 Eu europium
use 176
LNG 176
WEL 175
Zhang et al. 176
64 Gd gadolinium
use 301.3
LNG 301.3
WEL 305
Zhang et al. 301
65 Tb terbium
use 391
LNG 293
WEL 295
Zhang et al. 391
66 Dy dysprosium
use 280
LNG 280
WEL 280
Zhang et al. 280
67 Ho holmium
use 251
LNG 71
WEL 265
Zhang et al. 251
68 Er erbium
use 280
LNG 280
WEL 285
Zhang et al. 280
69 Tm thulium
use 191
LNG 247
WEL 250
Zhang et al. 191
70 Yb ytterbium
use 129
LNG 159
WEL 160
Zhang et al. 129
71 Lu lutetium
use 414
LNG 414
WEL 415
Zhang et al. 414
72 Hf hafnium
use 648
LNG 571
WEL 630
Zhang et al. 648
73 Ta tantalum
use 732.8
LNG 732.8
WEL 735
Zhang et al. 753
74 W tungsten
use 806.7
LNG 806.7
WEL 800
Zhang et al. 774
75 Re rhenium
use 704
LNG 704
WEL 705
Zhang et al. 707
76 Os osmium
use 678
LNG 738
WEL 630
Zhang et al. 678
77 Ir iridium
use 564
LNG 231.8
WEL 560
Zhang et al. 564
78 Pt platinum
use 510
LNG 469
WEL 490
Zhang et al. 510
79 Au gold
use 342
CRC 324
LNG 324
WEL 330
Zhang et al. 342
80 Hg mercury
use 59.11
CRC 59.11
LNG 59.1
WEL 59.2
Zhang et al. 58.2
81 Tl thallium
use 165
LNG 165
WEL 165
Zhang et al. 162
82 Pb lead
use 179.5
CRC 179.5
LNG 179.5
WEL 178
Zhang et al. 177
83 Bi bismuth
use 179
CRC 151
LNG 151
WEL 160
Zhang et al. 179
84 Po polonium
use 102.91
LNG 102.91
WEL about 100
85 At astatine
use 54.39 (At2)
GME 54.39 (At2)
WEL about 40
86 Rn radon
use 18.10
LNG 18.10
WEL 17
87 Fr francium
use ca. 65
WEL about 65
88 Ra radium
use 113
LNG 113
WEL about 125
89 Ac actinium
use 400
WEL 400
90 Th thorium
use 514
LNG 514
WEL 530
91 Pa protactinium
use 481
LNG 481
WEL 470
92 U uranium
use 417.1
LNG 417.1
WEL 420
93 Np neptunium
use 336
LNG 336
WEL 335
94 Pu plutonium
use 333.5
LNG 333.5
WEL 325

Notes

  • Values refer to the enthalpy change in the conversion of liquid to gas at the boiling point (normal, 101.325 kPa).

References

Zhang et al.

Zhang Y; Evans JRG & Zhang S (2011). "Corrected Values for Boiling Points and Enthalpies of Vaporization of Elements in Handbooks". J. Chem. Eng. Data. 56 (2): 328–337. doi:10.1021/je1011086.

CRC

As quoted from various sources in an online version of:

  • David R. Lide (ed.), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th Edition. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida, 2003; Section 6, Fluid Properties; Enthalpy of Vaporization

GME

  • Kugler HK & Keller C (eds) 1985, Gmelin handbook of inorganic and organometallic chemistry, 8th ed., 'At, Astatine', system no. 8a, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, ISBN 3-540-93516-9, pp. 116–117

LNG

As quoted from various sources in:

  • J.A. Dean (ed.), Lange's Handbook of Chemistry (15th Edition), McGraw-Hill, 1999; Section 6, Thermodynamic Properties; Table 6.4, Heats of Fusion, Vaporization, and Sublimation and Specific Heat at Various Temperatures of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds

WEL

As quoted at http://www.webelements.com/ from these sources:

  • G.W.C. Kaye and T. H. Laby in Tables of physical and chemical constants, Longman, London, UK, 15th edition, 1993.
  • D.R. Lide, (ed.) in Chemical Rubber Company handbook of chemistry and physics, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA, 79th edition, 1998.
  • A.M. James and M.P. Lord in Macmillan's Chemical and Physical Data, Macmillan, London, UK, 1992.
  • H. Ellis (ed.) in Nuffield Advanced Science Book of Data, Longman, London, UK, 1972.

See also

Wikious
Boobota
Sagapedia