In this article we present List of rivers by discharge as a central element of our analysis. List of rivers by discharge is a topic of great relevance and interest today, since its impact is felt in various areas of society. Through this article, we will explore the various aspects related to List of rivers by discharge , examining its historical evolution, its influence in different contexts, and the implications it has for the present and future. In order to provide a comprehensive view on List of rivers by discharge , we will approach it from multidisciplinary perspectives, thus offering a complete and enriching analysis for our readers.
This article lists rivers by their average discharge measured in descending order of their water flow rate. Here, only those rivers whose discharge is more than 2,000 m3 /s (71,000 cu ft/s) are shown. It can be thought of as a list of the biggest rivers on Earth, measured by a specific metric.
For context, the volume of an Olympic-size swimming pool is 2,500 m3 . The average flow rate at the mouth of the Amazon is sufficient to fill more than 83 such pools each second. The combined flow of all the rivers in this list adds up to 1,192,134 m3 /s.
No
Continent
River
Averagedischarge (m3 /s)
Length
Drainage area (km2 )
Outflow
Type
(km)
(miles)
1
South America
Amazon
224,000
6,992
4,344
6,915,000
Atlantic Ocean
Primary river
2
Asia
Ganges –Brahmaputra –Meghna
43,950
3,969
2,466
1,999,000
Bay of Bengal
Primary river
3
Africa
Congo (Zaire )
41,400
4,370
2,716
3,822,000
Atlantic Ocean
Primary river
4
South America
Orinoco
37,740
2,250
1,398
989,000
Atlantic Ocean
Primary river
5
Asia
Yangtze
31,900
6,300
3,915
1,840,000
East China Sea
Primary river
6
South America
Negro
30,641
2,230
1,390
691,000
Amazon
Tributary river
7
South America
Madeira
30,173
3,380
2,100
1,376,000
Amazon
Tributary river
8
South America
Río de la Plata
27,225
290
180
3,182,064
Atlantic Ocean
Primary river
9
Asia
Brahmaputra
21,993
2,900
1,800
651,335
Ganges (Padma )
Tributary river
10
North America
Mississippi
21,300
3,766
2,340
3,248,000
Gulf of Mexico
Primary river
11
Asia
Yenisei
20,200
4,090
2,556
2,580,000
Kara Sea
Primary river
12
South America
Paraná
19,706
4,880
3,050
2,582,672
Río de la Plata
Tributary river
13
Asia
Ganges
18,691
2,525
1,569
1,300,000
Bay of Bengal
Primary river
14
Asia
Lena
18,300
4,294
2,668
2,490,000
Laptev Sea
Primary river
15
South America
Japurá (Caquetá )
18,122
2,816
1,750
267,730
Amazon
Tributary river
16
North America
Saint Lawrence
16,800
500
310
1,344,200
Gulf of Saint Lawrence
Primary river
17
South America
Marañón
16,708
1,737
1,079
358,000
Amazon
Tributary river
18
Asia
Mekong
15,856
4,023
2,500
811,000
South China Sea
Primary river
19
Asia
Irrawaddy (Ayeyarwady)
15,112
2,210
1,370
413,710
Andaman Sea
Primary river
20
South America
Tapajós
13,540
1,996
1,240
492,481
Amazon
Tributary river
21
South America
Ucayali
13,385
2,670
1,659
351,549
Amazon
Tributary river
22
Asia
Ob
13,100
4,345
2,700
2,990,000
Gulf of Ob
Primary river
23
South America
Tocantins
11,796
2,699
1,677
764,183
Atlantic Ocean (Pará )
Primary river[note 1]
24
Asia
Amur
11,526
4,444
2,762
1,855,000
Sea of Okhotsk
Primary river
25
Africa
Kasai (Kwa )
11,318
2,272
1,405
881,890
Congo
Tributary river
26
South America
Purus
11,207
3,211
1,995
371,042
Amazon
Tributary river
27
North America
Mackenzie
9,800
4,241
2,636
1,805,200
Beaufort Sea
Primary river
28
South America
Xingu
9,680
2,240
1,392
531,250
Amazon
Tributary river
29
Asia
Pearl (Xi )
9,500
2,400
1,491
437,000
South China Sea
Primary river
30
South America
Madre de Dios
9,350
1,347
837
282,000
Madeira
Tributary river
31
South America
Putumayo (Içá )
8,520
1,813
1,121
148,000
Amazon
Tributary river
32
Europe
Volga
8,380
3,531
2,194
1,380,000
Caspian Sea
Primary river
33
South America
Mamoré
8,150
1,930
1,199
611,800
Madeira
Tributary river
34
South America
Magdalena
8,058
1,540
963
257,438
Caribbean Sea
Primary river
35
North America
Ohio
7,957
1,579
981
490,601
Mississippi
Tributary river
36
Africa
Niger
7,900
4,200
2,600
2,117,000
Gulf of Guinea
Primary river
37
South America
Guaviare
7,529
1,497
930
140,000
Orinoco
Tributary river
38
North America
Columbia
7,407
2,044
1,243
668,217
Pacific Ocean
Primary river
39
Oceania
Fly
7,355
1,060
649
76,000
Gulf of Papua
Primary river
40
South America
Uruguay
7,058
1,838
1,140
353,451
Río de la Plata
Tributary river
41
North America
Yukon
6,860
3,187
1,980
854,700
Bering Sea
Primary river
42
South America
Napo
6,660
1,075
665
100,518
Amazon
Tributary river
43
Asia
Salween
6,600
3,289
2,044
324,000
Andaman Sea
Primary river
44
Europe
Danube
6,510
2,860
1,777
801,463
Black Sea
Primary river
45
South America
Araguaia
6,420
2,627
1,632
377,000
Tocantins
Tributary river
46
Asia
Kapuas
6,012
1,143
710
98,749
South China Sea
Primary river
47
South America
Juruá
6,004
3,283
2,040
186,000
Amazon
Tributary river
48
Africa
Ubangi
5,936
2,272
1,405
651,915
Congo
Tributary river
49
North America
Niagara
5,885
58
36
684,000
Lake Ontario
Tributary river
50
South America
Meta
5,694
1,200
742
103,000
Orinoco
Tributary river
51
Asia
Meghna
5,603
1,040
646
85,401
Lower Meghna
Tributary river
52
Asia
Indus
5,589
3,180
2,000
1,081,718
Arabian Sea
Primary river
53
Asia
Aldan
5,501
2,273
1,412
729,000
Lena
Tributary river
54
Oceania
Mamberamo
5,500
1,175
727
78,992
Pacific Ocean
Primary river
55
South America
Branco
5,400
775
479
195,000
Rio Negro
Tributary river
56
North America
Detroit
5,300
44
28
595,052
Lake Erie
Primary river[note 2]
57
South America
Javari
5,225
1,184
732
109,680
Amazon
Tributary river
58
North America
St. Clair
5,200
65
40
583,000
Lake St. Clair
Tributary river
59
Oceania
Sepik
5,000
1,146
700
80,321
Bismarck Sea
Primary river
60
South America
Caroní
4,981
952
595
95,000
Orinoco
Tributary river
61
South America
Essequibo
4,951
1,014
627
150,769
Atlantic Ocean
Primary river
62
South America
Juruena
4,937
1,240
770
192,628
Tapajós
Tributary river
63
Africa
Ogooué
4,935
1,200
747
223,856
Atlantic Ocean
Primary river
64
Asia
Angara
4,833
1,779
1,100
1,079,000
Yenisei
Tributary river
65
Europe
Pechora
4,800
1,809
1,124
322,000
Barents Sea
Primary river
66
Asia
Chindwin
4,740
1,207
750
114,000
Irrawaddy
Tributary river
67
Asia
Rajang
4,715
563
350
52,009
South China Sea
Primary river
68
South America
Paraguay
4,696
2,621
1,629
1,120,154
Parana
Tributary river
69
Asia
Barito
4,514
1,090
550
81,675
Java Sea
Primary river
70
Africa
Ruki
4,500
1,300
804
173,790
Congo
Tributary river
71
South America
Vaupés/Uaupes
4,345
1,050
650
64,370
Rio Negro
Tributary river
72
Asia
Red (Hong )
4,300
1,149
714
143,600
Gulf of Tonkin
Primary river
73
Asia
Mahakam
4,278
980
609
77,095
Makassar Strait
Primary river
74
Africa
Zambezi
4,217
2,574
1,599
1,331,000
Indian Ocean
Primary river
75
South America
Atrato
4,140
750
466
36,231
Caribbean Sea
Primary river
76
Asia
Nizhnyaya Tunguska
4,139
2,989
1,848
473,000
Yenisei
Tributary river
77
Asia
Kolyma
4,100
2,129
1,317
644,000
East Siberian Sea
Primary river
78
Europe
Kama
4,100
1,805
1,122
507,000
Volga
Tributary river
79
South America
Apaporis
4,092
1,370
847
54,300
Japurá
Tributary river
80
South America
Aripuanã
4,087
870
540
145,000
Madeira
Tributary river
81
North America
Grijalva –Usumacinta
4,028
1,000
620
134,400
Gulf of Mexico
Primary river
82
Oceania
Digul
4,000
853
530
45,900
Arafura Sea
Primary river
83
Oceania
Strickland
4,000
824
512
36,740
Fly
Tributary river
84
South America
Teles Pires
3,978
1,638
1,013
141,718
Tapajós
Tributary river
85
North America
Fraser
3,944
1,375
854
231,593
Pacific Ocean
Primary river
86
South America
Huallaga
3,796
1,138
704
95,000
Marañón
Tributary river
87
Asia
Godavari
3,571
1,465
910
312,812
Bay of Bengal
Primary river
88
South America
Caura
3,545
723
449
52,000
Orinoco
Tributary river
89
Africa
Benue
3,477
1,370
847
319,000
Niger
Tributary river
90
Asia
Kaladan
3,468
450
278
40,000
Bay of Bengal
Primary river
91
South America
Jutai
3,462
1,200
742
74,000
Amazon
Tributary river
92
North America
Slave
3,451
434
270
616,400
Great Slave Lake
Tributary river
93
Asia
Lohit
3,438
460
285
50,000
Brahmaputra
Tributary river
94
Europe
Northern Dvina
3,416
744
462
357,052
White Sea
Primary river
95
South America
Inírida
3,385
1,300
804
53,795
Guaviare
Tributary river
96
North America
Nelson
3,343
2,575
1,600
982,900
Hudson Bay
Primary river
97
Oceania
Purari
3,300
630
390
33,670
Gulf of Papua
Primary river
98
Oceania
Kikori
3,274
405
250
23,309
Gulf of Papua
Primary river
99
Asia
Khatanga
3,200
1,636
1,012
364,000
Laptev Sea
Primary river
100
Oceania
Pulau
3,133
569
353
37,164
Arafura Sea
Primary river
101
Asia
Musi
3,054
759
471
59,942
South China Sea
Primary river
102
Asia
Subansiri
3,003
442
275
35,763
Brahmaputra
Tributary river
103
Asia
Ghaghara
2,993
1,080
671
127,950
Ganges
Tributary river
104
Asia
Irtysh
2,980
4,248
2,627
1,673,470
Ob
Tributary river
105
Asia
Shatt al-Arab
2,960
200
120
884,000
Persian Gulf
Primary river
106
Asia
Yamuna
2,949
1,376
855
366,223
Ganges
Tributary river
107
South America
São Francisco
2,943
2,830
1,758
641,000
Atlantic Ocean
Primary river
108
Asia
Srepok
2,940
450
279
79,015
Mekong
Tributary river
109
Africa
Kwango
2,932
1,100
680
270,904
Kasai
Tributary river
110
Asia
Panjnad
2,910
71
44
395,000
Indus
Tributary river
111
Europe
Rhine
2,900
1,233
820
198,735
North Sea
Primary river
112
Asia
Yarlung Tsangpo
2,899
1,125
699
241,691
Brahmaputra
Tributary River
113
South America
Beni
2,875
1,100
680
131,500
Madre de Dios
Tributary river
114
Asia
Gan
2,865
599
372
103,107
Yangtze
Tributary river
115
South America
Trombetas
2,855
1,060
656
135,239
Amazon
Tributary river
116
Asia
Min
2,850
735
457
133,000
Yangtze
Tributary river
117
Asia
Xiang
2,848
948
589
102,148
Yangtze
Tributary river
118
Africa
Nile
2,810
6,853
4,258
3,349,000
Mediterranean Sea
Primary river
119
North America
Koksoak
2,800
137
85
133,400
Ungava Bay
Primary river
120
Europe
Neva
2,770
74
46
287,094
Gulf of Finland
Primary river
121
South America
Pastaza
2,769
740
458
41,000
Marañón
Tributary river
122
South America
Iriri
2,745
1,300
810
130,000
Xingu
Tributary river
123
South America
Tigre
2,720
940
581
54,200
Marañón
Tributary river
124
South America
Cuyuni
2,719
618
384
85,635
Essequibo
Tributary river
125
Asia
Mali Hka
2,693
320
200
23,221
Irrawaddy
Tributary river
126
Africa
Cross
2,647
489
304
53,590
Gulf of Guinea
Primary river
127
Asia
Batang Hari
2,643
800
497
46,504
South China Sea
Primary river
128
South America
Casiquiare
2,574
340
210
82,800
Rio Negro
Tributary river
129
Asia
Yellow
2,571
5,464
3,395
752,000
Yellow Sea
Primary river
130
Asia
Pyasina
2,550
818
508
182,000
Kara Sea
Primary river
131
Asia
Amu Darya
2,525
2,400
1,491
534,739
Aral Sea
Primary river
132
Africa
Sankuru
2,500
1,200
756
156,000
Kasai
Tributary river
133
South America
Tietê
2,500
1,150
715
150,000
Paraná
Tributary river
134
Asia
Koshi
2,500
729
453
69,300
Ganges
Tributary river
135
Africa
Sangha
2,471
790
489
213,400
Congo
Tributary river
136
Asia
Songhua
2,463
1,434
887
557,180
Amur
Tributary river
137
Asia
Ghorautra
2,463
90
56
24,060
Meghna
Tributary river
138
Asia
Kayan
2,454
576
358
33,005
Celebes Sea
Primary river
139
North America
Missouri
2,445
3,767
2,341
1,371,010
Mississippi
Tributary river
140
North America
Liard
2,434
1,115
693
277,100
Mackenzie
Tributary river
141
South America
Guainía
2,433
640
400
28,900
Rio Negro
Tributary river
142
South America
Guapore
2,430
1,260
783
341,000
Mamoré
Tributary river
143
South America
Ituí
2,422
558
347
43,403
Javari
Tributary river
144
South America
Rio Grande
2,400
1,360
841
143,000
Paraná
Tributary river
145
South America
Paragua
2,389
550
340
39,605
Caroní
Tributary river
146
South America
Cauca
2,364
1,180
730
59,840
Magdalena
Tributary river
147
South America
Yarí
2,360
620
383
31,650
Japurá
Tributary river
148
South America
Urubamba
2,330
724
448
60,300
Ucayali
Tributary river
149
South America
San Juan
2,304
380
240
15,000
Pacific Ocean
Primary river
150
South America
Apure
2,300
1,038
645
121,400
Orinoco
Tributary river
151
South America
Uatumã
2,291
701
436
67,920
Amazon
Tributary river
152
South America
Içana
2,279
676
420
35,675
Rio Negro
Tributary river
153
South America
Jamanxim
2,217
666
414
58,771
Tapajós
Tributary river
154
Asia
Krishna River
2,213
1,400
870
258,948
Bay of Bengal
Primary river
155
Africa
Aruwimi
2,200
1,287
799
116,100
Congo
Tributary river
156
North America
Red River
2,187
2,190
1,360
239,195
Atchafalaya
Tributary river
157
South America
Ventuari
2,160
520
322
40,861
Orinoco
Tributary river
158
South America
Curaray
2,155
800
500
26,775
Napo
Tributary river
159
North America
Tennessee
2,140
1,049
652
105,870
Ohio
Tributary river
160
North America
St. Marys
2,135
120
75
127,700
Lake Huron
Tributary river
161
South America
Canumã
2,135
900
560
52,433
Madeira
Tributary river
162
South America
Tapauá
2,135
640
400
63,185
Purus
Tributary river
163
Asia
Jialing
2,120
1,345
836
160,000
Yangtze
Tributary river
164
Asia
Mahanadi
2,119
900
560
141,600
Bay of Bengal
Primary river
165
North America
Mobile
2,118
72
45
112,530
Gulf of Mexico
Primary river
166
North America
Peace
2,110
1,923
1,195
306,000
Slave
Tributary river
167
Asia
Olyokma
2,110
1,436
892
210,000
Lena
Tributary river
168
Asia
Yuan
2,106
864
537
93,287
Yangtze
Tributary river
169
South America
Ji-Paraná
2,100
820
510
76,127
Madeira
Tributary river
170
South America
Jacuí
2,087
723
449
71,808
Lagoa dos Patos
Primary river
171
Africa
Sanaga
2,072
1,067
663
132,990
Gulf of Guinea
Primary river
172
Asia
Hongshui
2,049
669.6
416.1
141,674
Xi
Tributary river
173
Africa
Lulonga
2,040
200
120
76,950
Congo
Tributary river
174
Asia
Gandaki
2,025
814
506
46,300
Ganges
Tributary river
175
Asia
Anadyr
2,020
1,150
710
191,000
Gulf of Anadyr
Primary river
176
South America
Vichada
2,000
580
359
25,000
Orinoco
Tributary river
Relative Size of the Largest Rivers on Earth
List of primary rivers by discharge
No
Continent
River
Station
Average discharge (m3 /s)
Outflow
Mean
Min
Max
1
South America
Amazon
Amazon Delta
220,800
180,000
340,000
Atlantic Ocean
2
Asia
Ganges –Brahmaputra –Meghna
Ganges Delta
43,950
10,000
160,000
Bay of Bengal
3
Africa
Congo (Zaire )
Banana
41,400
32,000
57,670
Atlantic Ocean
4
South America
Orinoco
Ciudad Guyana
37,740
21,000
54,000
Atlantic Ocean
5
Asia
Yangtze
Yangtze Delta
31,900
11,300
49,500
East China Sea
6
South America
Río de la Plata
La Plata Estuary
27,225
12,000
50,000
Atlantic Ocean
7
North America
Mississippi
Mississippi Delta
21,300
5,000
56,000
Gulf of Mexico
8
Asia
Yenisei
Yenisei Estuary
20,200
4,200
78,500
Kara Sea
9
Asia
Lena
Lena Delta
18,300
3,590
72,000
Laptev Sea
10
Asia
Mekong
Mekong Delta
15,856
3,000
39,000
South China Sea
11
Asia
Irrawaddy
Irrawaddy Delta
15,112
6,460
38,000
Andaman Sea
12
Asia
Ob
Ob Estuary
13,100
6,230
46,000
Gulf of Ob
13
North America
Saint Lawrence
Québéc
12,432
9,225
14,835
Gulf of Saint Lawrence
14
Asia
Amur
Amur Estuary
11,526
5,340
19,000
Sea of Okhotsk
15
North America
Mackenzie
Mackenzie Delta
9,800
4,090
15,800
Beaufort Sea
16
Asia
Pearl (Xi )
Pearl Delta
9,500
3,600
20,000
South China Sea
17
Europe
Volga
Volga Delta
8,220
5,500
19,600
Caspian Sea
18
South America
Magdalena
Barranquilla
8,058
2,465
16,463
Caribbean Sea
19
Africa
Niger
Niger Delta
7,900
1,200
35,000
Gulf of Guinea
20
North America
Columbia
Astoria
7,407
2,230
19,100
Pacific Ocean
21
Oceania
Fly
Ogwa
7,355
3,680
12,762
Gulf of Papua
22
North America
Yukon
Pilot Station
6,860
1,360
21,100
Bering Sea
23
Asia
Salween
Moulmein
6,600
2,300
32,600
Andaman Sea
24
Europe
Danube
Ceatal Izmail
6,510
1,790
15,900
Black Sea
25
Asia
Kapuas
Kapuas Delta
6,012
3,000
9,000
South China Sea
26
Asia
Indus
Indus Delta
5,589
1,100
18,000
Arabian Sea
27
Oceania
Mamberamo
Mamberamo Delta
5,500
Pacific Ocean
28
Oceania
Sepik
Angoram
5,000
2,600
11,000
Bismarck Sea
29
South America
Essequibo
Bartica
4,951
1,850
8,700
Atlantic Ocean
30
Africa
Ogooué
Lambaréné
4,935
1,610
9,440
Atlantic Ocean
31
Europe
Pechora
Oksino
4,800
643
17,182
Barents Sea
32
Asia
Rajang
Rajang Delta
4,715
1,100
8,000
South China Sea
33
Asia
Barito
Barito Delta
4,514
Java Sea
34
Asia
Red (Hong )
Red River Delta
4,300
1,200
9,500
Gulf of Tonkin
35
Asia
Mahakam
Mahakam Delta
4,278
1,000
8,000
Makassar Strait
36
Africa
Zambezi
Marromeu
4,217
920
18,600
Indian Ocean
37
South America
Atrato
Atrato Delta
4,138
Caribbean Sea
38
Asia
Kolyma
Kolyma Delta
4,100
East Siberian Sea
39
North America
Grijalva –Usumacinta
Grijalva Delta
4,028
Gulf of Mexico
40
North America
Fraser
Vancouver
3,944
575
17,000
Pacific Ocean
41
Oceania
Digul
Digul Delta
3,867
10,600
Arafura Sea
42
Oceania
Eilanden (Pulau )
Eilanden Delta
3,783
Arafura Sea
43
Asia
Godavari
Godavari Delta
3,571
Bay of Bengal
44
Asia
Kaladan
Kaladan Delta
3,476
Bay of Bengal
45
Europe
Northern Dvina
Ust-Pinega
3,416
White Sea
46
North America
Nelson
Port Nelson
3,343
Hudson Bay
47
Oceania
Purari
Purari Delta
3,300
Gulf of Papua
48
Oceania
Kikori
Kikori Delta
3,274
Gulf of Papua
49
Asia
Khatanga
Khatanga Estuary
3,200
Laptev Sea
50
Asia
Musi
Musi Delta
3,054
1,400
4,200
South China Sea
51
Asia
Shatt al-Arab
Shatt al-Arab Delta
2,960
Persian Gulf
52
South America
São Francisco
São Francisco Estuary
2,943
Atlantic Ocean
53
Europe
Rhine
Rhine Delta
2,900
800
13,000
North Sea
54
Africa
Nile
Dongola
2,810
530
7,620
Mediterranean Sea
55
North America
Koksoak
Koksoak Estuary
2,800
Ungava Bay
56
Europe
Neva
Saint Petersburg
2,770
4,550
Gulf of Finland
57
Africa
Cross
Cross Estuary
2,647
Gulf of Guinea
58
Asia
Batang Hari
Batang Hari Delta
2,643
South China Sea
59
Asia
Yellow
Yellow Delta
2,571
36,000
Yellow Sea
60
Asia
Pyasina
Pyasina Delta
2,550
Kara Sea
61
Asia
Amu Darya
Kerki
2,525
Aral Sea
62
Asia
Kayan
Tanjung Selor
2,454
Celebes Sea
63
South America
Jacuí
Porto Alegre
2,327
Lagoa dos Patos
64
South America
San Juan
Before delta
2,304
Pacific Ocean
65
Asia
Krishna
Krishna Delta
2,213
Bay of Bengal
66
Asia
Mahanadi
Mahanadi Delta
2,119
Bay of Bengal
67
North America
Mobile
Mobile Estuary
2,118
282
9,018
Gulf of Mexico
68
Africa
Sanaga
Sanaga Delta
2,072
473
5,700
Gulf of Guinea
69
Asia
Anadyr
Anadyr Estuary
2,020
Gulf of Anadyr
See also
Notes
References
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^ "Lower Red-Ouachita" .
^ "Orinoco" .
^ "Lower Tennessee" .
^ "Madeira" .
^ a b "Mobile-Tombigbee" .
^ "Yuan Jiang" .
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^ "Country Report Implementation of Demonstration Project Mamberamo River Basin INDONESIA - PDF Free Download" .
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^ Modeling the Ogooué river discharge based on multi-missions altimetry data . AGU Chapman Conference on Hydrologic Research in the Congo Basin. Washington DC. September 2018.
^ Sien Aun, Edwin Sia (2019). Microbial Ecology and Nutrient Dynamics of the Rajang River (PDF) (Doctor of Philosophy thesis). Australia: Faculty of Engineering, Computing and Science - Swinburne University of Technology. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 January 2022. Retrieved 7 March 2022 .
^ Krystian W. Pilarczyk (January 2003). "Bank erosion Mekong Delta and Red River" .
^ "The Food Observatory" .
^ "Fragmentation and Flow Regulation of the World's Large River Systems" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-30. Retrieved 2011-08-16 .
^ a b Rendy, Firmansyah (2010). "Grafik Neraca Air Pulau Papua" .
^ "The Flood Observatory" .
^ Rhine case study ; Technical documents in hydrology: PC-CP series; Vol.:17; 2003
^ Nezhihovsky, R. A. (1981). Neva River and Neva Bay . Gidrometeoizdat.
^ Hanergy Holding Group (March 2013). Indonesia East Kalimantan Kayan River Basin Hydropower and Aluminum smelting Project (Slide deck). Archived from the original on 24 September 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2021 – via Scribd.