Refractory (planetary science)
In this article we will analyze the importance of Refractory (planetary science) in today's society. Refractory (planetary science) has been a topic of debate and discussion for a long time, and its influence in various areas of human life is undeniable. From its origins to its evolution today, Refractory (planetary science) has left an indelible mark on the history of humanity. Through this analysis, we will explore its impact on culture, economics, politics and technology, and reflect on its relevance in the contemporary world. With expert interviews and statistical data, we will discover how Refractory (planetary science) has shaped the way we think and act, and how it continues to play a crucial role in people's daily lives.
In planetary science, any material that has a relatively high equilibrium condensation temperature is called refractory.[1] The opposite of refractory is volatile.
The refractory group includes elements and compounds like metals and silicates (commonly termed rocks) which make up the bulk of the mass of the terrestrial planets and asteroids in the inner belt. A fraction of the mass of other asteroids, giant planets, their moons and trans-Neptunian objects is also made of refractory materials.[2]
Classification
The elements can be divided into several categories:
| Category | Condensation temperatures | Elements |
|---|---|---|
| Super-refractory | higher than 1700 K | Re, Os, W, Zr and Hf |
| Refractory | between 1500 and 1700 K | Al, Sc, Ca, Ti, Th, Lu, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Ir, Ru, Mo, U, Sm, Nd and La |
| Moderately refractory | 1300 to 1500 K | Nb, Be, V, Ce, Yb, Pt, Fe, Co, Ni, Pd, Mg, Eu, Si, Cr |
| Moderately volatile | 1100–1300 K | Au, P, Li, Sr, Mn, Cu and Ba |
| Volatile | 700–1100 K | Rb, Cs, K, Ag, Na, B, Ga, Sn, Se and S |
| Very volatile | less than 700 K | Zn, Pb, In, Bi and Tl |
The condensation temperatures are the temperatures at which 50% of the element will be in the form of a solid (rock) under a pressure of 10−4 bar. However, slightly different groups and temperature ranges are used sometimes. Refractory material are also often divided into refractory lithophile elements and refractory siderophile elements.[3]
References
- ^ a b Taylor, Stuart Ross (2001). Solar system evolution: a new perspective : an inquiry into the chemical composition, origin, and evolution of the solar system. Cambridge University Press. pp. 73–75. ISBN 978-0-521-64130-2.
- ^ Beatty, J. Kelly (1999). Beatty, J. Kelly; Petersen, Carolyn Collins; Chaikin, Andrew (eds.). The new solar system. Cambridge University Press. pp. 314–315. ISBN 978-0-521-64587-4.
- ^ Davis, Andrew M.; Turekian, Karl K. (2005). Davis, Andrew M.; Holland, Heinrich D.; Turekian, Karl K. (eds.). Meteorites, comets, and planets. Elsevier. pp. 45–47. ISBN 978-0-08-044720-9.