Rhodium carbonyl chloride
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| Names | |
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| IUPAC name
Di-μ-chloro-tetracarbonyldirhodium(I)
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| Other names
Rhodium carbonyl chloride(I), Rhodium(I) carbonyl chloride, Rhodium(I) dicarbonyl chloride dimer, Tetracarbonyldi-μ−chlorodirhodium(I), Dirhodium tetracarbonyl dichloride
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| Identifiers | |
3D model (JSmol)
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| ChemSpider | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.035.021 |
| EC Number |
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| UNII | |
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| Properties | |
| C4O4Cl2Rh2 | |
| Molar mass | 388.76 |
| Appearance | red brown volatile solid |
| Density | 2.708 g/cm−3 |
| Melting point | 120–125 °C (248–257 °F; 393–398 K) |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
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Rhodium carbonyl chloride is an organorhodium compound with the formula Rh2Cl2(CO)4. It is a red-brown volatile solid that is soluble in nonpolar organic solvents. It is a precursor to other rhodium carbonyl complexes, some of which are useful in homogeneous catalysis.
Structure
The molecule consists of two planar Rh(I) centers linked by two bridging chloride ligands and four CO ligands. X-ray crystallography shows that the two Rh(I) centers are square planar with the dihedral angle of 126.8° between the two RhCl2 planes. The metals are nonbonding.[1]
Synthesis and reactions
First prepared by Walter Hieber,[2] it is typically prepared by treating hydrated rhodium trichloride with flowing carbon monoxide, according to this idealized redox equation:
- 2 RhCl3(H2O)3 + 6 CO → Rh2Cl2(CO)4 + 2 COCl2 + 6 H2O.[3]
The complex reacts with triphenylphosphine to give the bis(triphenylphosphine)rhodium carbonyl chloride:
- Rh2Cl2(CO)4 + 4 PPh3 → 2 trans-RhCl(CO)(PPh3)2 + 2 CO
With chloride salts, the dichloride anion forms:
- Rh2Cl2(CO)4 + 2 Cl− → 2 cis-−
With acetylacetone, rhodium carbonyl chloride reacts to give dicarbonyl(acetylacetonato)rhodium(I).
The dimer reacts with a variety of Lewis bases (:B) to form adducts RhCl(CO)2:B. Its reaction with tetrahydrothiophene and the corresponding enthalpy are:
- 1/2 Rh2Cl2(CO)4 + :S(CH2)4 → RhCl(CO)2:S(CH2)4 ΔH = -31.8 kJ mol−1
This enthalpy corresponds to the enthalpy change for a reaction forming one mole of the product, RhCl(CO)2:S(CH2)4, from the acid dimer. The dissociation energy for rhodium(I) dicarbonyl chloride dimer, which is an energy contribution prior to reaction with the donor,
- Rh2Cl2(CO)4 → 2 RhCl(CO)2
has been determined by the ECW model to be 87.1 kJ mol−1
N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands react with rhodium carbonyl chloride to give monomeric cis- complexes. The IR spectra of these complexes have been used to estimate the donor strength of NHCs.[4][5]
References
- ^ Walz, Leonhard; Scheer, Peter "Structure of di-μ-chlorobis" Acta Crystallographica Section C 1991, C47, 640-41. doi:10.1107/S0108270190009404
- ^ Hieber, W.; Lagally, H. "Über Metallcarbonyle. XLV. Das Rhodium im System der Metallcarbonyle (Metal carbonyls. XLV. Rhodium in the system of metal carbonyls)" Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie 1943, volume 251, pp. 96-113. doi:10.1002/zaac.19432510110
- ^ McCleverty, J. A.; Wilkinson, G. "Dichlorotetracarbonyldirhodium (rhodium carbonyl chloride)" Inorganic Syntheses 1966, volume 8, pp. 211-14. doi:10.1002/9780470132463.ch4
- ^ Nonnenmacher, Michael; Buck, Dominik M; Kunz, Doris (23 August 2016). "Experimental and theoretical investigations on the high-electron donor character of pyrido-annelated N-heterocyclic carbenes". Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry. 12: 1884–1896. doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.178. PMC 5082490. PMID 27829895.
- ^ Huynh, Han Vinh (30 March 2018). "Electronic Properties of N-Heterocyclic Carbenes and Their Experimental Determination". Chemical Reviews. 118 (19): 9457–9492. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00067. PMID 29601194.