System (stratigraphy)
In today's world, System (stratigraphy) has become a topic of great relevance and interest to a wide spectrum of people. Whether due to its impact on society, its influence on culture or its importance in the academic field, System (stratigraphy) has become a recurring topic of conversation in various circles. From its origins to its relevance today, System (stratigraphy) has generated endless debates and reflections that have not only enriched knowledge on the subject, but have also triggered significant changes in different aspects of daily life. In this article, we will thoroughly explore the impact of System (stratigraphy), analyzing its different facets and reflecting on its importance in today's world.
| Segments of rock (strata) in chronostratigraphy | Time spans in geochronology | Notes to geochronological units |
|---|---|---|
| Eonothem | Eon | 4 total, half a billion years or more |
| Erathem | Era | 10 defined, several hundred million years |
| System | Period | 22 defined, tens to ~one hundred million years |
| Series | Epoch | 38 defined, tens of millions of years |
| Stage | Age | 101 defined, millions of years |
| Chronozone | Chron | subdivision of an age, not used by the ICS timescale |
A system in stratigraphy is a sequence of strata (rock layers) that were laid down together within the same corresponding geological period. The associated period is a chronological time unit, a part of the geological time scale, while the system is a unit of chronostratigraphy. Systems are unrelated to lithostratigraphy, which subdivides rock layers on their lithology. Systems are subdivisions of erathems and are themselves divided into series and stages.
Systems in the geological timescale
The systems of the Phanerozoic were defined during the 19th century, beginning with the Cretaceous (by Belgian geologist Jean d'Omalius d'Halloy in the Paris Basin) and the Carboniferous (by British geologists William Conybeare and William Phillips in 1822). The Paleozoic and Mesozoic were divided into the currently used systems before the second half of the 19th century, except for a minor revision when the Ordovician system was added in 1879.
The Cenozoic has seen more recent revisions by the International Commission on Stratigraphy. It has been divided into three systems with the Paleogene and Neogene replacing the former Tertiary System though the succeeding Quaternary remains. The one-time system names of Paleocene, Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene and Pliocene are now series within the Paleogene and Neogene.
Another recent development is the official division of the Proterozoic into systems, which was decided in 2004.
References
- ^ "International Chronostratigraphic Chart" (PDF). International Commission on Stratigraphy. December 2024. Retrieved October 23, 2025.
Further reading
- Gehling, James; Jensen, Sören; Droser, Mary; Myrow, Paul; Narbonne, Guy (March 2001). "Burrowing below the basal Cambrian GSSP, Fortune Head, Newfoundland". Geological Magazine. 138 (2): 213–218. Bibcode:2001GeoM..138..213G. doi:10.1017/S001675680100509X. hdl:10662/24314. S2CID 131211543. 1.
- Hedberg, H.D., (editor), International stratigraphic guide: A guide to stratigraphic classification, terminology, and procedure, New York, John Wiley and Sons, 1976
- International Stratigraphic Chart from the International Commission on Stratigraphy
- USA National Park Service
- Washington State University Archived 2011-07-26 at the Wayback Machine
- Web Geological Time Machine
- Eon or Aeon, Math Words - An alphabetical index
External links
- The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP): overview
- Chart of The Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points (GSSP): chart
- Geotime chart displaying geologic time periods compared to the fossil record - Deals with chronology and classifications for laymen (not GSSPs)
- International Commission on Stratigraphy page on Chronostratigraphy : overview