Upper critical solution temperature
In this article, we will explore the fascinating world of Upper critical solution temperature, a topic that has captured the attention of people of all ages and walks of life. With a rich and diverse history, Upper critical solution temperature has played a crucial role in the formation of our societies and cultures. From its ancient roots to its relevance today, Upper critical solution temperature has proven to be a topic worthy of study and reflection. Throughout these pages, we will examine its many facets and its impacts in various areas, thus providing a complete and enriching overview of Upper critical solution temperature.
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The upper critical solution temperature (UCST) or upper consolute temperature is the critical temperature above which the components of a mixture are miscible in all proportions.[1] The word upper indicates that the UCST is an upper bound to a temperature range of partial miscibility, or miscibility for certain compositions only. For example, hexane-nitrobenzene mixtures have a UCST of 19 °C (66 °F), so that these two substances are miscible in all proportions above 19 °C (66 °F) but not at lower temperatures.[2]: 185 Examples at higher temperatures are the aniline-water system at 168 °C (334 °F) (at pressures high enough for liquid water to exist at that temperature),[3]: 230 and the lead-zinc system at 798 °C (1,468 °F) (a temperature where both metals are liquid).[3]: 232
A solid state example is the palladium-hydrogen system which has a solid solution phase (H2 in Pd) in equilibrium with a hydride phase (PdHn) below the UCST at 300 °C. Above this temperature there is a single solid solution phase.[2]: 186
In the phase diagram of the mixture components, the UCST is the shared maximum of the concave down spinodal and binodal (or coexistence) curves. The UCST is in general dependent on pressure.
The phase separation at the UCST is in general driven by unfavorable energetics; in particular, interactions between components favor a partially demixed state.[4]
Polymer-solvent mixtures
Some polymer solutions also have a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) or lower bound to a temperature range of partial miscibility. As shown in the diagram, for polymer solutions the LCST is higher than the UCST, so that there is a temperature interval of complete miscibility, with partial miscibility at both higher and lower temperatures.[5]
The UCST and LCST of polymer mixtures generally depend on polymer degree of polymerization and polydispersity.[6]
The seminal statistical mechanical model for the UCST of polymers is the Flory–Huggins solution theory.[7]
By adding soluble impurities the upper critical solution temperature increases and lower critical solution temperature decreases.[8]
See also
- Lower critical solution temperature – Critical temperature below which components of a mixture are miscible for all compositions
- Coil–globule transition – Collapse of a macromolecule from an expanded coil state to a collapsed globule state
References
- ^ "IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology". doi:10.1351/goldbook.UT07280. Retrieved 2012-10-18.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ a b Atkins, P.W.; de Paula, J.; Wong, Man. Atkins' Physical Chemistry 8e (2006).
- ^ a b Laidler, Keith J.; Meiser, John H. (1982). Physical chemistry. Menlo Park, California: Benjamin/Cummings Pub. Co. ISBN 9780805356823. OCLC 8112942.
- ^ Sanchez, I.C.; Lacombe, Robert H.; Stone, M.T. (November 1978). "Statistical Thermodynamics of Polymer Solutions and Blends". Macromolecules. 11 (6). ACS Publications: 1145–1156. doi:10.1021/ma60066a017. Retrieved 2022-01-27.
- ^ Cowie, J. M. G (1991). Polymers: chemistry and physics of modern materials. Glasgow; New York: Blackie; Chapman and Hall. ISBN 9780216929807. OCLC 756466890.
- ^ Ougizawa, Toshiaki; Inoue, Takashi; Kammer, Hans W. (1985-10-01). "UCST and LCST behavior in polymer blends". Macromolecules. 18 (10): 2089–2092. Bibcode:1985MaMol..18.2089O. doi:10.1021/ma00152a052. ISSN 0024-9297.
- ^ Robeson, Lloyd (April 30, 2014). "Historical Perspective of Advances in the Science and Technology of Polymer Blends". Polymers. 6 (5): 1251–1265. doi:10.3390/polym6051251. ISSN 2073-4360.
- ^ Rice, O. K. (June 1976). "The effect of an impurity on the critical point of a binary liquid system as a surface phenomenon". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 64 (11): 4362–4367. Bibcode:1976JChPh..64.4362R. doi:10.1063/1.432105. ISSN 0021-9606.