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Westford Knight

In this article we are going to analyze Westford Knight, a topic that has generated great interest in recent times. Westford Knight is a topic that has captured the attention of many people due to its relevance in different areas, from science to popular culture. Furthermore, Westford Knight has been the subject of numerous debates and discussions, which has contributed to its growing importance in today's society. Throughout this article, we will explore different aspects related to Westford Knight, from its origin and evolution to its impact today. Through detailed analysis, we will try to shed light on this topic and provide a more complete and deeper insight into Westford Knight.

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The Westford Knight, shown along Depot Street in Westford, Massachusetts
A detail of the rock, showing the "sword". The "shield" has been painted on, supposedly to indicate an underlying carving

"Westford Knight" is the name given to a pattern, variously interpreted as a carving, a natural feature, or a combination of both, located on a glacial boulder (also known as the Sinclair Rock) in Westford, Massachusetts in the United States.

It is the subject of popular or pseudohistorical speculation on Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact. The pattern was first described as a possible Native American carving in 1873. The identification as a "medieval knight" dates to 1954.

Early references

The rock and carving are first[citation needed] mentioned in print in Elias Nason's 1874 Gazetteer of Massachusetts: "a rude figure, supposed to have been cut by some Indian artist."[1] In an 1883 town history, the carving is described: "A broad ledge which crops out near the house of William Kitteredge has upon its surface grooves made by glaciers. Rude outlines of the human face have been traced upon it, and the figure is said to be the work of Indians."[2]

The carving was subsequently interpreted not as a human figure but as a broken Viking sword by William Goodwin, owner of the nearby Mystery Hill attraction, in his 1946 book The Ruins of Great Ireland in New England.[3] Frank Glynn, president of the Archaeological Society of Connecticut, located the carving and, following discussions with T. C. Lethbridge about Goodwin's theory, in 1954 chalked in a full figure resembling a medieval knight with sword and shield. Glynn is usually said to be the "discoverer of the Westford Knight."[4] It was Lethbridge who suggested to Glynn that the sword was not of Viking origin, but was "a hand-and-a-half wheel pommel sword" of the type common in 14th-century North Britain.[5]

Modern interpretations

Archaeologist Kenneth Feder in 2019 compared weathering on the stone with weathering on New England gravestones whose inscriptions had become indecipherable since the year 2000, while "the Westford petroglyph, rather miraculously, appears to have improved through time, getting fresher every year with new elements appearing that previously had gone unnoticed. In truth, this simply isn’t possible. The new imagery on the Westford Knight stone either has been recently added or is entirely imaginary, and probably a bit of both." Feder argues that the Indian petroglyph described in the 19th century probably existed, as did the parallel glacial striations, and that later a metal rod or awl was used to punch the partial shape of a sword into the rock, but that "the knight in all his regalia resides only in the imagination of Frank Glynn. Other images—for example, a boat, which I could not discern on my visits—may have been added later."[6] The site is also mentioned in Feder's Encyclopedia of Dubious Archaeology (2010).[7]

One current interpretation by those who advocate that the feature on the rock is a human figure is that it commemorates a fallen member of the party of Henry I Sinclair, Earl of Orkney, who some believe made a voyage to the New World in 1398, traveling to Nova Scotia and New England.[8] According to Raymond Ramsey in 1972, the shield carried by the knight in Glynn's image was found to support this belief, when "English heraldic experts consulted by Lethbridge definitely identified arms on the shield as belonging to the Sinclairs of Scotland."[9] It has been suggested that the knight is Sir James Gunn, a member of Clan Gunn and a Knight Templar who reportedly traveled with Sinclair.[10] As of 2025, a stone monument next to the "knight" commemorates this interpretation, stating as fact that Sinclair and his party traveled to present-day Massachusetts. There is no evidence for this claim.[11]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Elias Nason (1874). "Westford". Gazetteer of the State of Massachusetts. Boston: B. B. Russell. p. 542. The mineral called 'andalusite' is found here; and an immense ledge which crops out near the Centre has upon its surface ridges furrowed in former times by glacial forces. There is upon its face a rude figure, supposed to have been cut by some Indian artist.
  2. ^ Reverend Edwin R. Hodgman, History of the Town of Westford, Mass 1659–1883 (Lowell, Mass.: Westford Town History Association, 1883).
  3. ^ William B. Goodwin, The Ruins of Great Ireland in New England (Boston: Meador Publishing Company, 1946).
  4. ^ For example, in Richard White, These Stones Bear Witness, page 93 (Anchor House, 2010). ISBN 978-1-4520-1718-1
  5. ^ Richard White,[full citation needed] pages 87–88.
  6. ^ Kenneth L. Feder (2019). Archaeological Oddities: A Field Guide to Forty Claims of Lost Civilizations, Ancient Visitors, and Other Strange Sites in North America. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 42-48. ISBN 978-1-5381-0597-9. Retrieved 2020-03-09.
  7. ^ Kenneth L. Feder (2010). Encyclopedia of Dubious Archaeology: From Atlantis to the Walam Olum. Greenwood. pp. 270–271. ISBN 978-0-313-37919-2.
  8. ^ Tim Wallace-Murphy; Marilyn Hopkins (2004). Templars in America: From the Crusades to the New World. Weiser Books.
  9. ^ Raymond H. Ramsey (1972). No Longer on the Map: Discovering Places That Never Were. New York: The Viking Press. pp. 65–66. ISBN 0-6705-1433-0.
  10. ^ Steven Sora (2004). The Lost Colony of the Templars: Verrazano's Secret Mission to America. Destiny Books. p. 161. ISBN 978-1-59477-870-4.
  11. ^ T. J. Oleson. "ZENO, Nicolò and Antonio". Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online. The most widely accepted identification is that made by J. R. Forster in 1784 when he argued that Zichmni was actually Henry Sinclair, 1st earl of the Orkneys, who was born in 1350 and died in 1404. Even if one overlooks the absurd contents of the Zeno narrative, there is not a shred of evidence, as F. W. Lucas conclusively showed in 1898, to suggest that Henry Sinclair made any transatlantic voyages (not to mention the discovery of Nova Scotia) or that he had either Nicolò or Antonio at his court.

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