Xenambulacraria
This article will address the topic of Xenambulacraria, which has gained great relevance in recent years. Throughout history, Xenambulacraria has been the object of study and interest by experts in various disciplines, and has been a source of debate and reflection for society in general. In order to further understand the importance of Xenambulacraria in the current context, different perspectives and approaches will be analyzed that will allow us to obtain a comprehensive vision of this topic. Likewise, the implications that the study of Xenambulacraria has in different areas, such as culture, politics, science, among others, will be explored. Through an exhaustive analysis, the aim is to provide the reader with a broad and updated vision of Xenambulacraria, providing new reflections and knowledge that contribute to enriching the understanding of this phenomenon.
| Xenambulacraria | |
|---|---|
| Examples of all four branches of Xenambulacraria | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Subkingdom: | Eumetazoa |
| Clade: | ParaHoxozoa |
| Clade: | Bilateria |
| Clade: | Xenambulacraria Bourlat et al, 2006 |
| Clades | |
Xenambulacraria is a proposed clade of animals with bilateral symmetry as an embryo, consisting of the Xenacoelomorpha (i.e., Xenoturbella and acoelomorphs) and the Ambulacraria (i.e., echinoderms and hemichordates).
If confirmed, the clade would either be the sister group to the chordates (if deuterostomes are monophyletic) or the sister group to all the other bilaterians, grouped together in Centroneuralia (with deuterostomes being paraphyletic).
Although the validity of the clade relies mostly on phylogenomics, molecular genetics studies have proposed pigment cell clusters expressing polyketide synthase (PKS) and sulfotransferase as a synapomorphy of Xenambulacraria.
Phylogeny
Xenambulacraria has usually been recovered as a clade inside of either of two distinct phylogenies.
Basal Xenambulacraria
The following phylogeny assumes a paraphyletic Deuterostomia, with Xenambulacraria at the base of Bilateria.
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Xenambulacraria inside Deuterostomia
The following phylogeny assumes a monophyletic Deuterostomia, with Xenambulacraria nested inside of it.
Gallery
- Diversity of Xenambulacrarians
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Various Acoelomorpha (nemertodermatids). -
Various Hemichordata (enteropneusts). -
Various Echinodermata from all extant classes.
References
- ^ a b c Bourlat, Sarah J.; Juliusdottir, Thorhildur; Lowe, Christopher J.; Freeman, Robert; Aronowicz, Jochanan; Kirschner, Mark; Lander, Eric S.; Thorndyke, Michael; Nakano, Hiroaki; Kohn, Andrea B.; Heyland, Andreas; Moroz, Leonid L.; Copley, Richard R.; Telford, Maximilian J. (2006). "Deuterostome phylogeny reveals monophyletic chordates and the new phylum Xenoturbellida". Nature. 444 (7115): 85–88. Bibcode:2006Natur.444...85B. doi:10.1038/nature05241. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 17051155. S2CID 4366885.
- ^ Philippe, Hervé; Poustka, Albert J.; Chiodin, Marta; Hoff, Katharina J.; Dessimoz, Christophe; Tomiczek, Bartlomiej; Schiffer, Philipp H.; Müller, Steven; Domman, Daryl; Horn, Matthias; Kuhl, Heiner; Timmermann, Bernd; Satoh, Noriyuki; Hikosaka-Katayama, Tomoe; Nakano, Hiroaki; Rowe, Matthew L.; Elphick, Maurice R.; Thomas-Chollier, Morgane; Hankeln, Thomas; Mertes, Florian; Wallberg, Andreas; Rast, Jonathan P.; Copley, Richard R.; Martinez, Pedro; Telford, Maximilian J. (2019). "Mitigating Anticipated Effects of Systematic Errors Supports Sister-Group Relationship between Xenacoelomorpha and Ambulacraria". Current Biology. 29 (11): 1818–1826.e6. Bibcode:2019CBio...29E1818P. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.04.009. hdl:21.11116/0000-0004-DC4B-1. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 31104936. S2CID 155104811.
- ^ Marlétaz, Ferdinand (2019-06-17). "Zoology: Worming into the Origin of Bilaterians". Current Biology. 29 (12): R577–R579. Bibcode:2019CBio...29.R577M. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.05.006. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 31211978.
- ^ a b Kapli, Paschalia; Natsidis, Paschalis; Leite, Daniel J.; Fursman, Maximilian; Jeffrie, Nadia; Rahman, Imran A.; Philippe, Hervé; Copley, Richard R.; Telford, Maximilian J. (2021-03-19). "Lack of support for Deuterostomia prompts reinterpretation of the first Bilateria". Science Advances. 7 (12): eabe2741. Bibcode:2021SciA....7.2741K. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abe2741. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 7978419. PMID 33741592.
- ^ Robertson, Helen E.; Sebe-Pedros, Arnau; Saudemont, Baptiste; Loe Mie, Yann; Zakrzewski, Ann; Grau-Bové, Xavier; Mailhe, Marie-Pierre; Schiffer, Philipp; Telford, Maximilian J.; Marlow, Heather (2022-08-18). "Single cell atlas of Xenoturbella bocki highlights the limited cell-type complexity of a nonvertebrate deuterostome lineage". bioRxiv. doi:10.1101/2022.08.18.504214.
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