Presidentens frihetsmedalj
I dagens artikel ska vi fördjupa oss i den spännande världen av Presidentens frihetsmedalj. Detta är ett ämne som har väckt stort intresse de senaste åren och som det skrivits mycket om, men som fortfarande har många aspekter att utforska. Från dess ursprung till dess påverkan på dagens samhälle, genom dess olika aspekter och tillämpningar, är Presidentens frihetsmedalj ett ämne som utan tvekan ger oss oändliga möjligheter att reflektera och lära. Under hela den här artikeln kommer vi att försöka reda ut mysterierna kring Presidentens frihetsmedalj och förstå dess betydelse i det aktuella sammanhanget. Gör dig redo att ge dig ut på en fascinerande resa av kunskap och upptäckt!
| Presidentens frihetsmedalj Presidential Medal of Freedom | |
 Frihetsmedaljen och dess insignier, inklusive släpspänne | |
| Beskrivning | USA:s högsta civila utmärkelse |
|---|---|
| Nation |  USA |
| Utdelare | USA:s president |
| Instiftad | 1963 |
| Antal utdelade | 647 |
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Presidential Medal of Freedom (svenska: Presidentens frihetsmedalj) är USA:s främsta civila utmärkelse. USA:s president delar ut den efter eget gottfinnande till personer som gett ett särskilt anmärkningsvärt bidrag till den nationella säkerheten i USA, till världsfreden eller för kulturella eller andra offentliga eller privata ansträngningar. Medaljutdelningen brukar ske i Vita huset, antingen (beroende på väder och årstid) inomhus i östra rummet eller utomhus i rosenträdgården.
Medaljen inrättades av president John F. Kennedy 1963 genom att utfärda Executive Order 11085 och ersatte den tidigare "Frihetsmedaljen" som instiftades av Harry S. Truman 1945 för att hedra dem som tjänstgjort under andra världskriget.
Till skillnad från många andra amerikanska utmärkelser kan även icke-amerikaner belönas med presidentens frihetsmedalj. Den kan utdelas till samma person mer än en gång och kan även ges postumt, som till exempel till John F. Kennedy efter mordet.
Enligt Executive Order 11085 utfärdas frihetsmedaljen i två grader, varav den högre benämns med tillägget with Distinction. Enbart 26 personer har tilldelats den högre graden.
Presidential Medal of Freedom with Distinction
Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Personer som tilldelats Frihetsmedaljen
- † – utdelades postumt
Utdelade av John F. Kennedy
John F. Kennedy delade ut 29 medaljer under 1963.
| Mottagare | År | Notering | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Marian Anderson | 1963 | ||
| Ralph Bunche | 1963 | Presidential Medal of Freedom with Distinction | |
| Ellsworth Bunker | 1963 | ||
| Pablo Casals | 1963 | ||
| Genevieve Caulfield | 1963 | ||
| James B. Conant | 1963 | Presidential Medal of Freedom with Distinction | |
| John Franklin Enders | 1963 | ||
| Felix Frankfurter | 1963 | ||
| Robert J. H. Kiphuth | 1963 | ||
| Edwin H. Land | 1963 | ||
| Herbert H. Lehman † | 1963 | ||
| Robert A. Lovett | 1963 | Presidential Medal of Freedom with Distinction | |
| J. Clifford MacDonald | 1963 | ||
| John J. McCloy | 1963 | Presidential Medal of Freedom with Distinction | |
| George Meany | 1963 | ||
| Alexander Meiklejohn | 1963 | ||
| Ludwig Mies van der Rohe | 1963 | ||
| Jean Monnet | 1963 | Presidential Medal of Freedom with Distinction | |
| Luis Muñoz Marín | 1963 | Presidential Medal of Freedom with Distinction | |
| Clarence B. Randall | 1963 | ||
| Rudolf Serkin | 1963 | ||
| Edward Steichen | 1963 | ||
| George W. Taylor | 1963 | ||
| Alan Tower Waterman | 1963 | ||
| Annie Dodge Wauneka | 1963 | ||
| E. B. White | 1963 | ||
| Thornton Wilder | 1963 | ||
| Edmund Wilson | 1963 | ||
| Andrew Wyeth | 1963 |
Utdelade av Lyndon B. Johnson
Lyndon B. Johnson delade ut 47 medaljer mellan 1963 och 1969.
Utdelade av Richard Nixon
Richard Nixon delade ut 38 medaljer mellan 1969 och 1974.
| Mottagare | År | Notering | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Buzz Aldrin | 1969 | Presidential Medal of Freedom with Distinction | |
| Neil Armstrong | 1969 | Presidential Medal of Freedom with Distinction | |
| Eugene R. Black Sr. | 1969 | ||
| McGeorge Bundy | 1969 | ||
| Michael Collins | 1969 | Presidential Medal of Freedom with Distinction | |
| Michael DeBakey | 1969 | ||
| David Dubinsky | 1969 | ||
| Duke Ellington | 1969 | ||
| Henry Ford II | 1969 | ||
| W. Averell Harriman | 1969 | Presidential Medal of Freedom with Distinction | |
| Edgar Kaiser | 1969 | ||
| Mary Lasker | 1969 | ||
| John Macy | 1969 | ||
| Laurance Rockefeller | 1969 | ||
| Walt Whitman Rostow | 1969 | ||
| Cyrus Vance | 1969 | ||
| Whitney Young | 1969 | ||
| Earl Charles Behrens | 1970 | ||
| Fred Haise | 1970 | ||
| William Henry | 1970 | ||
| Arthur Krock | 1970 | ||
| David Lawrence | 1970 | ||
| G. Gould Lincoln | 1970 | ||
| Jim Lovell | 1970 | ||
| Mission Operations Team | 1970 | ||
| Raymond Moley | 1970 | ||
| Eugene Ormandy | 1970 | ||
| Adela Rogers St. Johns | 1970 | ||
| Jack Swigert | 1970 | ||
| Manlio Brosio | 1971 | ||
| Samuel Goldwyn | 1971 | ||
| William J. Hopkins | 1971 | ||
| John Paul Vann † | 1972 | ||
| DeWitt Wallace | 1972 | ||
| Lila Acheson Wallace | 1972 | ||
| John Ford | 1973 | ||
| William P. Rogers | 1973 | ||
| Charles Lowman | 1974 |
Utdelade av Gerald Ford
Gerald Ford delade ut 30 medaljer mellan 1974 och 1977.
| Mottagare | År | Notering | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Paul G. Hoffman | 1974 | ||
| Melvin Laird | 1974 | ||
| David K. E. Bruce | 1976 | Presidential Medal of Freedom with Distinction | |
| Martha Graham | 1976 | Presidential Medal of Freedom with Distinction | |
| Jesse Owens | 1976 | ||
| Arthur Rubinstein | 1976 | Presidential Medal of Freedom with Distinction | |
| Iorwith Wilbur Abel | 1977 | ||
| John Bardeen | 1977 | ||
| Irving Berlin | 1977 | ||
| Norman Borlaug | 1977 | ||
| Omar Bradley | 1977 | ||
| Arleigh Burke | 1977 | ||
| Alexander Calder † | 1977 | ||
| Bruce Catton | 1977 | ||
| Joe DiMaggio | 1977 | ||
| Ariel Durant | 1977 | ||
| Will Durant | 1977 | ||
| Arthur Fiedler | 1977 | ||
| Henry Friendly | 1977 | ||
| Lady Bird Johnson | 1977 | ||
| Henry Kissinger | 1977 | ||
| Archibald MacLeish | 1977 | ||
| James A. Michener | 1977 | ||
| Georgia O'Keeffe | 1977 | ||
| Nelson Rockefeller | 1977 | ||
| Norman Rockwell | 1977 | ||
| Donald Rumsfeld | 1977 | Presidential Medal of Freedom with Distinction | |
| Catherine Filene Shouse | 1977 | ||
| Lowell Thomas | 1977 | ||
| James Watson | 1977 |
Utdelade av Jimmy Carter
Jimmy Carter delade ut 30 medaljer mellan 1977 och 1981.
| Mottagare | År | Notering | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Martin Luther King Jr. † | 1977 | ||
| Jonas Salk | 1977 | ||
| Arthur Goldberg | 1978 | ||
| Margaret Mead † | 1979 | ||
| Ansel Adams | 1980 | ||
| Horace M. Albright | 1980 | ||
| Rachel Carson † | 1980 | ||
| Lucia Chase | 1980 | ||
| Hubert Humphrey † | 1980 | ||
| Iakovos | 1980 | ||
| Lyndon B. Johnson † | 1980 | ||
| Clarence Mitchell Jr. | 1980 | ||
| Roger Tory Peterson | 1980 | ||
| Hyman G. Rickover | 1980 | ||
| Beverly Sills | 1980 | ||
| Robert Penn Warren | 1980 | ||
| John Wayne † | 1980 | ||
| Eudora Welty | 1980 | ||
| Tennessee Williams | 1980 | ||
| Roger Nash Baldwin | 1981 | ||
| Zbigniew Brzezinski | 1981 | ||
| Walter Cronkite | 1981 | ||
| Kirk Douglas | 1981 | ||
| Margaret McNamara | 1981 | ||
| Esther Peterson | 1981 | ||
| Gerard C. Smith | 1981 | ||
| Robert S. Strauss | 1981 | ||
| Elbert Tuttle | 1981 | ||
| Earl Warren † | 1981 | ||
| Andrew Young | 1981 |
Utdelade av Ronald Reagan
Ronald Reagan delade ut 100 medaljer mellan 1981 och 1989.
Utdelade av George H. W. Bush
George H. W. Bush delade ut 42 medaljer mellan 1989 och 1993.
| Mottagare | År | Notering | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lucille Ball † | 1989 | ||
| C. Douglas Dillon | 1989 | ||
| Jimmy Doolittle | 1989 | ||
| George F. Kennan | 1989 | ||
| Mike Mansfield | 1989 | ||
| Claude Pepper | 1989 | ||
| George Shultz | 1989 | ||
| Margaret Chase Smith | 1989 | ||
| Lech Wałęsa | 1989 | ||
| Walker Hancock | 1990 | ||
| James Baker | 1991 | ||
| William F. Buckley Jr. | 1991 | ||
| Dick Cheney | 1991 | ||
| Luis A. Ferré | 1991 | ||
| Betty Ford | 1991 | ||
| Hanna Holborn Gray | 1991 | ||
| Friedrich Hayek | 1991 | ||
| Tip O'Neill | 1991 | ||
| Colin Powell | 1991 | ||
| Javier Pérez de Cuéllar | 1991 | ||
| Norman Schwarzkopf Jr. | 1991 | ||
| Brent Scowcroft | 1991 | ||
| Leon Sullivan | 1991 | ||
| Margaret Thatcher | 1991 | ||
| Russell E. Train | 1991 | ||
| Vernon A. Walters | 1991 | ||
| William Webster | 1991 | ||
| Ted Williams | 1991 | ||
| David Brinkley | 1992 | ||
| Johnny Carson | 1992 | ||
| Ella Fitzgerald | 1992 | ||
| Audrey Hepburn | 1992 | ||
| Richard Petty | 1992 | ||
| Harry W. Shlaudeman | 1992 | ||
| Isaac Stern | 1992 | ||
| John W. Vessey | 1992 | ||
| Sam Walton | 1992 | ||
| Elie Wiesel | 1992 | ||
| I. M. Pei | 1993 | ||
| Ronald Reagan | 1993 | Presidential Medal of Freedom with Distinction | |
| Strom Thurmond | 1993 |
Utdelade av Bill Clinton
Bill Clinton delade ut 110 medaljer mellan 1993 och 2001.
Utdelade av George W. Bush
George W. Bush delade ut 85 medaljer mellan 2001 och 2009.
Utdelade av Barack Obama
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Barack Obama delade ut 118 medaljer mellan 2009 och 2017.
Utdelade av Donald Trump
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Donald Trump delade ut 23 medaljer mellan 2017 och 2021.
| Mottagare | År | Notering | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Miriam Adelson | 2018 | ||
| Orrin Hatch | 2018 | ||
| Alan Page | 2018 | ||
| Elvis Presley † | 2018 | ||
| Babe Ruth † | 2018 | ||
| Antonin Scalia † | 2018 | ||
| Roger Staubach | 2018 | ||
| Bob Cousy | 2019 | ||
| Arthur Laffer | 2019 | ||
| Edwin Meese | 2019 | ||
| Roger Penske | 2019 | ||
| Mariano Rivera | 2019 | ||
| Jerry West | 2019 | ||
| Tiger Woods | 2019 | ||
| Dan Gable | 2020 | ||
| Lou Holtz | 2020 | ||
| Jack Keane | 2020 | ||
| Rush Limbaugh | 2020 | ||
| Jim Ryun | 2020 | ||
| Babe Didrikson Zaharias † | 2021 | ||
| Devin Nunes | 2021 | ||
| Gary Player | 2021 | ||
| Annika Sörenstam | 2021 |
Utdelade av Joe Biden
| Mottagare | År | Notering | Ref. |
|---|
Noteringar
- ^ Annika Sörenstam är hittills den enda svensken som tilldelats medaljen.
Se även
Referenser
Noter
- ^ ”President Kennedy's Executive Order 11085: Presidential Medal of Freedom” (på engelska). John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum. 22 februari 1963. https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/life-of-john-f-kennedy/fast-facts-john-f-kennedy/presidential-medal-of-freedom. Läst 13 september 2017.
- ^ ”Executive Order 9586—The Medal of Freedom” (på engelska). The American Presidency Project. University of California. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/executive-order-9586-the-medal-freedom. Läst 13 september 2017.
- ^ Dicker, Rachel (18 januari 2017). ”These Are the Known Recipients of the Presidential Medal of Freedom With Distinction” (på engelska). www.usnews.com. U.S. News & World Report. https://www.usnews.com/news/slideshows/these-are-the-known-recipients-of-the-presidential-medal-of-freedom-with-distinction. Läst 8 februari 2022.
- ^ ”Heroes of the Presidential Medal of Freedom” (på engelska) (
PDF). The National First Ladies Library. 16 november 2010. sid. 3. Arkiverad från originalet den 5 augusti 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190805203200/http://www.firstladies.org/documents/Medal_freedom.pdf. Läst 11 februari 2011. ”Marian Anderson (1897–1993)...Presidential Medal of Freedom received December 6, 1963”
- ^ Woolley, John T; Peters, Gerhard. ”Remarks With Under Secretary of State George W. Ball at the Presentation of the Medal of Freedom Awards, December 6, 1963” (på engelska). The American Presidency Project. University of California, Santa Barbara. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-with-under-secretary-state-george-w-ball-the-presentation-the-medal-freedom-awards. Läst 2 december 2020.
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- ^ ”Clarence B. Randall, 76, Dies” (på engelska). Chicago Tribune. 6 augusti 1967. https://chicagotribune.newspapers.com/image/376583184/?terms=Clarence%20B.%20Randall%2076%20Dies&match=1. Läst 13 januari 2017. [inloggning kan krävas]
- ^ ”Heroes of the Presidential Medal of Freedom” (på engelska) ( PDF). The National First Ladies Library. 16 november 2010. sid. 3. Arkiverad från originalet den 5 augusti 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190805203200/http://www.firstladies.org/documents/Medal_freedom.pdf. Läst 11 februari 2011. ”Annie Wauneka (1910–1997)...Presidential Medal of Freedom received December 6, 1963”
- ^ Woolley, John T; Peters, Gerhard. ”Lyndon B. Johnson, XXXVI President of the United States: 1963–1969, Remarks at the Presentation of the 1964 Presidential Medal of Freedom Awards, March 26, 1964” (på engelska). The American Presidency Project. University of California, Santa Barbara. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-the-presentation-the-1964-presidential-medal-freedom-awards. Läst 22 maj 2011.
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- ^ ”Presidential Medal of Freedom, 1968, James Webb” (på engelska). Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. 14 mars 2016. https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/presidential-medal-freedom-1968-james-webb/nasm_A19840190000.
- ^ ”Bob Hope and American Variety” (på engelska). Library of Congress. 10 maj 2000. https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/bobhope/pubserv.html. Läst 21 november 2017.
- ^ Judy Muhlberg (14 juni 1976). ”Medal of Freedom” (på engelska) ( PDF). Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library & Museum. sid. 43. https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/library/document/0067/7773889.pdf. Läst 11 maj 2020.
- ^ ”Richard Nixon: Remarks at a Dinner in Los Angeles Honoring the Apollo 11 Astronauts” (på engelska). The American Presidency Project. University of California, Santa Barbara. 13 augusti 1969. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-dinner-los-angeles-honoring-the-apollo-11-astronauts. Läst 20 november 2018.
- ^ Nixon, Richard (22 april 1970). ”Remarks on Presenting the Presidential Medal of Freedom to Eight Journalists” (på engelska). The American Presidency Project. University of California, Santa Barbara. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-presenting-the-presidential-medal-freedom-eight-journalists. Läst 25 december 2011.
- ^ Associated Press (19 april 1970). ”3 Astronauts get Heroes' Welcome to Hawaii” (på engelska). Newspapers.com. The Philadelphia Enquirer. sid. 14. https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33112752/the_philadelphia_inquirer/.
- ^ Nixon, Richard (18 april 1970). ”Remarks on Presenting the Presidential Medal of Freedom to Apollo 13 Mission Operations Team in Houston” (på engelska). The American Presidency Project. University of California, Santa Barbara. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-presenting-the-presidential-medal-freedom-apollo-13-mission-operations-team.
- ^ M, Nixon, Richard (1 januari 1975) (på engelska). Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Richard M. Nixon, 1974. Best Books on. ISBN 978-1-62376-923-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=ocHcAwAAQBAJ&q=%22Charles+LeRoy+Lowman%22+medal+of+freedom&pg=PA615
- ^ Woolley, John T; Peters, Gerhard (10 januari 1977). ”Gerald R. Ford, 38th President of the United States: 1974 ‐ 1977, Remarks Upon Presenting the Presidential Medal of Freedom” (på engelska). The American Presidency Project. University of California, Santa Barbara. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-upon-presenting-the-presidential-medal-freedom. Läst 29 mars 2020.
- ^ Koren, Marina (29 september 2016). ”White House Finally Honors the African-American Athletes of the 1936 Olympics” (på engelska). The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/09/white-house-olympics-berlin/502325/.
- ^ Nordlinger, Jay (17 december 2007). ”A Tasty Presidential Perk - Medals of Freedom” (på engelska). National Review. http://www.nationalreview.com/article/443562/medals-freedom. Läst 14 oktober 2019.
- ^ ”Lady Bird Johnson Biography” (på engelska). LBJ Presidential Library. Arkiverad från p originalet den 7 juni 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110607103633/http://www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/johnson/archives.hom/biographys.hom/ladybird_bio.asp. Läst 5 januari 2011.
- ^ ”Heroes of the Presidential Medal of Freedom” (på engelska) ( PDF). The National First Ladies Library. 16 november 2010. sid. 3. Arkiverad från originalet den 5 augusti 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190805203200/http://www.firstladies.org/documents/Medal_freedom.pdf. Läst 11 februari 2011. ”Georgia O'Keeffe (1887–1986)...Presidential Medal of Freedom received January 10, 1977”
- ^ ”Heroes of the Presidential Medal of Freedom” (på engelska) ( PDF). The National First Ladies Library. 16 november 2010. sid. 3. Arkiverad från originalet den 5 augusti 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190805203200/http://www.firstladies.org/documents/Medal_freedom.pdf. Läst 11 februari 2011. ”Dr. Margaret Mead (1901–1978)...Presidential Medal of Freedom received January 19, 1979”
- ^ Woolley, John T; Peters, Gerhard (9 juni 1980). ”Jimmy Carter, XXXIX President of the United States: 1977–1981, Presidential Medal of Freedom Remarks at the Presentation Ceremony, June 9, 1980” (på engelska). The American Presidency Project. University of California, Santa Barbara. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/presidential-medal-freedom-remarks-the-presentation-ceremony. Läst 2 december 2020.
- ^ ”About Horace M. Albright” (på engelska). UC Berkeley Rausser College of Natural Resources. https://nature.berkeley.edu/albright/lecture-archive. Läst 2 december 2020.
- ^ Woolley, John T; Peters, Gerhard (16 januari 1981). ”Jimmy Carter: Presidential Medal of Freedom Remarks at the Presentation Ceremony, January 16, 1981.” (på engelska). The American Presidency Project. University of California, Santa Barbara. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/presidential-medal-freedom-remarks-the-presentation-ceremony-0. Läst 2 december 2020.
- ^ Woolley, John T; Peters, Gerhard (23 februari 1983). ”Ronald Reagan: Remarks at the Presentation Ceremony for the Presidential Medal of Freedom” (på engelska). The American Presidency Project. University of California, Santa Barbara. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-upon-presenting-the-presidential-medal-freedom-martha-graham. Läst 21 november 2017.
- ^ ”Frank Gehry and Maya Lin Awarded Obama's Presidential Medal of Freedom” (på engelska). ArchDaily. 17 november 2016. https://www.archdaily.com/799643/frank-gehry-and-maya-lin-awarded-obamas-presidential-medal-of-freedom. Läst 21 november 2017.
- ^ Woolley, John T; Peters, Gerhard. ”Ronald Reagan, XL President of the United States: 1981–1989, Remarks at the Presentation Ceremony for the Presidential Medal of Freedom, March 26, 1984” (på engelska). The American Presidency Project. University of California, Santa Barbara. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-the-presentation-ceremony-for-the-presidential-medal-freedom-1. Läst 11 februari 2011.
- ^ ”White House Freedom Medal Set for Whittaker Chambers” (på engelska). New York Times. 22 februari 1984. https://www.nytimes.com/1984/02/22/us/white-house-freedom-medal-set-for-whittaker-chambers.html. Läst 16 januari 2011.
- ^ Sterling, Dorothy (9 mars 1984). ”Whittaker Chambers: Odd Choice for the Medal of Freedom” (på engelska). New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/books/97/03/09/reviews/chambers-letter.html. Läst 16 januari 2011.
- ^ ”Ronald Reagan - 40th President of the United States: 1981 ‐ 1989 Announcement of the Recipients of the Presidential Medal of Freedom” (på engelska). The American Presidency Project. University of California, Santa Barbara. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/announcement-the-recipients-the-presidential-medal-freedom. Läst 3 augusti 2021.
- ^ Woolley, John T; Peters, Gerhard. ”Ronald Reagan, XL President of the United States: 1981–1989, Remarks at the Presentation Ceremony for the Presidential Medal of Freedom, March 26, 1984” (på engelska). The American Presidency Project. University of California, Santa Barbara. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-the-presentation-ceremony-for-the-presidential-medal-freedom-1. Läst 11 februari 2011.
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- ^ ”Remarks on presenting the Presidential Medal of Freedom to President Ronald Reagan-President George Bush-Transcript” (på engelska). The White House: Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents. 18 januari 1993. Arkiverad från originalet den 16 november 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20101116112717/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2889/is_n2_v29/ai_13975210/. Läst 31 december 2007.
- ^ Clinton, W. J. (30 september 1993). ”Remarks on the Retirement of General Colin Powell in Arlington, Virginia” (på engelska). The American Presidency Project. University of California, Santa Barbara. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-the-retirement-general-colin-powell-arlington-virginia. Läst 18 september 2016.
- ^ Secretary of the Senate, United States Congress. ”Presidential Medal of Freedom Recipients” (på engelska). Official Website of the United States Senate. United States Senate (Government of the United States). https://www.senate.gov/pagelayout/Referens/two_column_table/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_Recipients.htm. Läst 14 november 2011.
- ^ ”Heroes of the Presidential Medal of Freedom” (på engelska) ( PDF). The National First Ladies Library. 16 november 2010. sid. 3. Arkiverad från originalet den 5 augusti 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190805203200/http://www.firstladies.org/documents/Medal_freedom.pdf. Läst 11 februari 2011. ”Chief,Wilma Mankiller (1945–2010)...Presidential Medal of Freedom received January 15, 1998”
- ^ ”Heroes of the Presidential Medal of Freedom” (på engelska) ( PDF). The National First Ladies Library. 16 november 2010. sid. 3. Arkiverad från originalet den 5 augusti 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190805203200/http://www.firstladies.org/documents/Medal_freedom.pdf. Läst 11 februari 2011. ”Marian Wright Edelman (1939 – )...Presidential Medal of Freedom received August 9, 2000”
- ^ McFeatters, Ann (10 juli 2002). ”Fred Rogers gets Presidential Medal of Freedom” (på engelska). Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Arkiverad från originalet den 19 oktober 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20111019194125/http://www.post-gazette.com/ae/20020710fredrogersp1.asp. Läst 9 februari 2011.
- ^ ”President Honors 2003 Presidential Medal of Freedom Recipients” (på engelska). Vita Huset. https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2003/07/20030723-9.html.
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