实际上,类似的极右观点早在19世纪就有人提出,只不过到了2011年才由加缪在著作《大取代》(Le Grand Remplacement)中正式命名并推广。加缪认为,法国穆斯林(英语:Muslims in France)占了人口相当大的比例,可能会威胁甚至摧毁法国的文化与文明。加缪与其他阴谋论者认为这种过程之所以出现,乃是法國政府、欧洲联盟或联合国内部的全球派或自由派精英(也就是“取代派”)有意推进的政策造成的。他们认为这种政策是“以替代手段进行的种族灭绝”。
在近十年来公共舆论中反移民的声音甚嚣尘上的大背景下,法国作家雷诺·加缪于2010年和2011年发布两部著作,提出了大取代的阴谋论。在2000年代到2010年代的20年间,欧洲的伊斯兰恐怖活动(英语:Islamic terrorism in Europe)有上升趋势,再加上2015年兴起的欧洲移民危机,种族间关系愈发紧张,舆论开始接受加缪的理论。其中移民危机据说证明了人口取代可以在一到两个世代的短时间内发生,尤其有利于加缪思想的传播。与此同时,恐怖活动让认同大取代世界观的人们愈发相信移民是外来威胁。
大取代最早由法国作家雷诺·加缪在2010年的著作《天真入门手册》(L'Abécédaire de l'in-nocence)[註 2]及次年的同名著作《大取代》(英語:The Great Replacement (introduction to global replacism)中提及。加缪表示“大取代”这个词是自己偶然间想到的,可能或多或少无意间参考了18世纪阿卡迪亚人的大骚乱(英语:Expulsion of the Acadians)(Grand Dérangement)。他表示,德国诗人贝托尔特·布莱希特曾讽刺地认为政府最容易做的事情就是在人民丧失信心的情况下改变他们(“难道政府不可以把人民解散掉,然后再选一个吗?”),而大取代理论就是这个主张的“生动写照”。
2017年,美国白人至上主义群体在弗吉尼亚州夏洛蒂镇举行团结右翼集会,打出隐喻种族取代的标语,譬如“你们不会取代我们”(You will not replace us)、“犹太人不能取代我们”(Jews will not replace us)。活动上,加缪向Vox明确表示不支持暴力行为,否认自己的思想与新纳粹分子有关联。不过,他认同这些口号背后的意义。
^Feola, Michael. 'You Will Not Replace Us': The Melancholic Nationalism of Whiteness. Political Theory. 2020, 49 (4): 528–553. ISSN 0090-5917. doi:10.1177/0090591720972745. This article addresses recent strains of white nationalism rooted within anxieties over demographic replacement (e.g., "the Great Replacement").
^Korte, Barbara; Wendt, Simon; Falkenhayner, Nicole. Heroism as a Global Phenomenon in Contemporary Culture. Routledge. 2019. PT176. ISBN 978-0429557842. This conspiracy theory, which was first articulated by the French philosopher Renaud Camus, has gained a lot of traction in Europe since 2015.
^Verstraet, Antoine. C'est ça que tu veux ? !. Savoirs et Clinique. 2017, 23 (2): 55. ISSN 1634-3298. doi:10.3917/sc.023.0055(法语). This theory states that the indigenous French ('Français de souche') could soon be demographically replaced by non-European peoples, especially from the Maghreb and sub-Saharan Africa.
^ 9.09.19.2Bergmann (2021), pp. 37–38: "The term ‘The Great Replacement’ rose to new prominence when a deeply controversial French philosopher, Renaud Camus, used it for the title of his book published in 2011. Camus mainly focused on France, but he argued that European civilisation and identity was at risk of being subsumed by mass migration, especially from Muslim countries, and because of low birth rates among the native French people. (...) It found support widely in Europe and was, for instance, entangled in the more general White Genocide conspiracy theory, which nationalist far-right activists have upheld on both sides of the Atlantic.
^ 10.010.1Jenkins, Cecil. A Brief History of France. Little, Brown Book Group. 2017. PT342. ISBN 978-1-4721-4027-2. As for the grand replacement, this has been widely seen as a paranoid fantasy, which plays fast and loose with the statistics, is racist in that it classes as immigrants people actually born in France, glosses over the fact that around half of immigrants are from other European countries, and suggests that declining indigenous France will be outbred by Muslim newcomers when in fact it has the highest fertility rate in Western Europe, and not because of immigration.
^ 12.012.1Cosentino, Gabriele. From Pizzagate to the Great Replacement: The Globalization of Conspiracy Theories. Social Media and the Post-Truth World Order: The Global Dynamics of Disinformation. Springer. 2020: 75. ISBN 978-3-030-43005-4. S2CID 216239634. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-43005-4_3. While the Great Replacement is at its core an Islamophobic belief, Lane's ideology is anti-Semitic.
^ 13.013.113.213.313.4Camus & Lebourg (2017), pp. 206–207: "The success of that umpteenth incarnation of a theme launched immediately after World War II (Camus has personally declared his indebtedness to Enoch Powell) can be explained by the fact that he subtracted anti-Semitism from the argument."
^ 18.018.118.218.318.4Heim, Joe; McAuley, James. New Zealand attacks offer the latest evidence of a web of supremacist extremism. The Washington Post. 2019-03-15 [2019-03-16]. (原始内容存档于2019-03-18). Camus, now 72, told The Washington Post that he condemns the Christchurch attacks and has always condemned similar violence. Camus added that he still hopes that the desire for a 'counterrevolt' against 'colonization in Europe today' will grow, a reference to increases in nonwhite populations.
^Byman, Daniel. The Global Roots of the Buffalo Shooting. Foreign Policy. 2022-05-16 [2022-05-26]. (原始内容存档于2022-05-19). In fact, although white supremacists in the United States and elsewhere have long claimed the white race is under attack, the Great Replacement theory itself originated in France with philosopher Renaud Camus (though Camus himself rejects violence).
^Leconte, Cécile. La carrière militante du " grand remplacement " au sein du milieu partisan de l'Alternative pour l'Allemagne (AfD). Politix. 2019, 126 (2): 111–134. S2CID 210566278. doi:10.3917/pox.126.0111.
^ 37.037.137.2AFP. Européennes: l'écrivain Renaud Camus en tête de liste. Le Figaro. 2019-04-04 [2019-08-04]. (原始内容存档于2019-09-20). 'L'Europe, il ne faut pas en sortir, il faut en sortir l'Afrique' 'Jamais une occupation n'a pris fin sans le départ de l'occupant. Jamais une colonisation ne s'est achevée sans le retrait des colonisateurs et des colons. La Ligne claire, et seule à l'être, c'est celle qui mène du ferme constat du grand remplacement (...) à l'exigence de la remigration', ajoutent-ils.
^ 39.039.1Sapiro, Gisèle. Les écrivains et la politique en France – De l'affaire Dreyfus à la guerre d'Algérie. Le Seuil. 2018. PT377. ISBN 978-2-02-140215-5(法语).
^Berger, J. M. How 'The Turner Diaries' Changed White Nationalism. The Atlantic. [2017-11-24]. (原始内容存档于2019-08-06) (美国英语). The manifesto itself was soon reduced to the simple phrase 'white genocide', which proliferated at the start of the 21st century and has become the overwhelmingly dominant meme of modern white nationalism.
^Ait Abdeslam, Abderrahim. The vilification of Muslim diaspora in French fictional novels: 'Soumission' (2015) and 'Petit Frère' (2008) as case studies. Journal of Multicultural Discourses. 2018, 13 (3): 232–242. S2CID 216116710. doi:10.1080/17447143.2018.1511717.
^Condomines, Anaïs. Attentat de Christchurch et 'grand remplacement' : itinéraire d'une théorie protéiforme. LCI. 2019-03-19 [2019-08-06]. (原始内容存档于2019-07-23) (法语). Valérie Igounet: 'certaines personnes ont cité cette théorie avant Camus mais c'est bien lui qui l'a popularisée. L'association de ces deux mots a fait mouche dans un contexte français particulier, et ce de manière très récente'
^ 58.058.1MacKellar, Landis. Review: La République islamique de France? A Review Essay. Population and Development Review. 2016, 42 (2): 368–375. JSTOR 44015644. doi:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2016.00130.x. hdl:10.1111/padr.2016.42.issue-2. Michèle Tribalat of the Institut National d'Études Démographiques (INED) has argued that the restriction forces policymakers to proceed with eyes wide shut, but Hervé Le Bras of the École d'Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales (EHESS) counters that such statistics simply objectify and dignify racist prejudices. Both views have some validity. Whichever way you feel, a consequence of our ignorance is that the specter of Le Grand Remplacement haunts French politics
^Moses, A. Dirk. “White Genocide” and the Ethics of Public Analysis. Journal of Genocide Research. 2019, 21 (2): 201–213. doi:10.1080/14623528.2019.1599493. In its fixation on demographic substitution, the fear mimics settler colonial theory, which highlights how this form of colonialism is marked not primarily exploitation of native labour but through its elimination and replacement by immigrant-settlers: one society displaces another. Camus – and Tarrant who likely takes the French site of his “enlightenment” story from him – fear they are native victims of reverse settler colonialism. Not for nothing does he talk about the “colonization of Europe today.”
^Meaker, Morgan. How dangerous are Austria's far-right hipsters?. Vienna: Deutsche Welle. 2018-08-28 [2018-09-24]. (原始内容存档于2018-09-24). ...and spread the 'great replacement' conspiracy theory—the idea that white Europeans will be replaced by people from the Middle East and Africa through immigration. The theory is based on inflated statistics and un-substantiated demographic projections. Right now, only 4 percent of the European Union is made up of non-EU nationals.
^Froio, Caterina. Race, Religion, or Culture? Framing Islam between Racism and Neo-Racism in the Online Network of the French Far Right. Perspectives on Politics. 2018-08-21, 16 (3): 696–709. S2CID 149865406. doi:10.1017/S1537592718001573. ...the conspiracy theory of the Grand remplacement (Great replacement) positing the 'Islamo-substitution' of biologically autochthonous populations in the French metropolitan territory, by Muslim minorities mostly coming from sub-Saharan Africa and the Maghreb
^Schneider, Frédérique. Une campagne pour déconstruire les discours complotistes sur Internet(Video). La Croix. 2018-01-26 [2018-09-23]. (原始内容存档于2018-09-23) (法语). ...le " grand remplacement ", une théorie de type conspirationniste selon laquelle il existerait un processus de remplacement des Français sur leur sol par des non-Européens.
^The Notre Dame wildfire that can't be put out. Politico. 2019-04-22 [2019-05-19]. (原始内容存档于2019-05-08). Marion Maréchal—pegged as the heir apparent to the Le Pen dynasty and a possible presidential contender in 2022—is a proponent of the "Great Replacement" theory embraced by the man accused of the Christchurch killings in New Zealand.
^Sowerwine, Charles. France since 1870 : Culture, Politics and Society. London: Palgrave. 2018: 460. ISBN 978-1-137-40611-8. OCLC 1051356006. Zemmour flirted with a far-right conspiracy theory; the Grand remplacement (Great Replacement)
^ 123.0123.1123.2Schulte, Addie. De strijd om de toekomst: Over doemscenario's en vooruitgang [The struggle for the future: On doom-scenarios and progress]. Cossee Publishers. 2019. ISBN 978-9059368347(荷兰语).
^Maestre, Antonio. El lepenismo asoma en Cataluña [Lepénisme starts to show in Catalonia]. ElDiario.es. 2021-02-13 [2021-05-22]. (原始内容存档于2021-03-04) (西班牙语). El discurso nacionalista catalán contra los castellanohablantes es una reformulación de la teoría supremacista neonazi del "Gran Reemplazo", que argumentaba que la inmigración de países africanos a Europa tenía como objetivo diluir la identidad occidental. El votante potencial de Vox en Cataluña es para los nacionalistas esencialistas catalanes lo que los inmigrantes musulmanes son para Vox. La tormenta perfecta del odio.
^Bromley, Roger. The politics of displacement: the Far Right narrative of Europe and its 'others'(PDF). From the European South. 2018, 3: 13–26 [2019-10-04]. ISSN 2531-4130. (原始内容存档(PDF)于2019-03-23). he 'Unite the Right', white nationalist, neo-fascist rally chanted 'you will not replace us' and 'the Jews will not replace us,' echoing the 'Great Replacement' claim, with a sharper anti-Semitic edge than is currently deployed publicly in Europe.
^Fear and loathing inside Fraser Anning's Conservative National Party. News Corp Australia. 2019-05-17 [2019-05-24]. (原始内容存档于2019-05-22). Last month, Senator Anning's party made a Facebook post endorsing The Great Replacement, "We need to preserve our ethno-cultural identity, or we will fast become a minority," Senator Anning's post said.
^Parti de L'In-nocence. In-nocence. [2019-08-05]. (原始内容存档于2022-03-31). Il n'est d'autre chance de retour à la paix civile et à la dignité que la libération du sol national et le retour chez eux des colonisateurs : remigration, Grand Rapatriement.
^ 179.0179.1Darby, Luke. How the 'Great Replacement' conspiracy theory has inspired white supremacist killers. The Telegraph (London). 2019-08-05 –通过ProQuest.
Bergmann, Eirikur. The Eurabia Conspiracy Theory. Europe: Continent of Conspiracies: Conspiracy Theories in and about Europe. Routledge. 2021: 36–53. ISBN 978-1-000-37339-4.
Boubeker, Ahmed; Bancel, Nicolas; Blanchard, Pascal. Le Grand Repli. La Découverte. 2015. ISBN 978-2707188229(法语).
Fourquet, Jérôme. Accueil ou submersion ?: Regards européens sur la crise des migrants. Éditions de l'Aube. 2016. ISBN 978-2-8159-2026-1(法语).
Polakow-Suransky, Sasha. Go Back to Where You Came From: The Backlash Against Immigration and the Fate of Western Democracy. Oxford University Press. 2017. ISBN 978-1849049092.
Taguieff, Pierre-André. La revanche du nationalisme: Néopopulistes et xénophobes à l'assaut de l'Europe. Presses Universitaires de France. 2015. ISBN 978-2-13-072950-1(法语).
Weil, Patrick; Truong, Nicolas. Le sens de la République: essai. Grasset. 2015. ISBN 978-2246858232(法语).