Ao language
In today's world, Ao language has become a topic of great relevance and interest to a wide range of individuals, organizations and communities. With the passage of time, Ao language has gained importance and attention, generating debates, research and discussions in different areas. Whether due to its impact on society, its relevance in academia, its influence on popular culture or its relevance in history, Ao language continues to be a topic of constant interest and discussion. In this article, we will explore different aspects of Ao language, from its origin to its present day, analyzing its impact and relevance in various contexts.
| Ao | |
|---|---|
| Central Naga | |
| Geographic distribution | Nagaland, India |
| Ethnicity | Ao Naga |
| Linguistic classification | Sino-Tibetan |
| Subdivisions | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | njo |
| Glottolog | aona1235 |
Ao is a dialect cluster of Naga languages spoken by the Ao Naga in Nagaland of northeast India, whose three varieties are mutually unintelligible or nearly so. Chungli Ao is written in Latin script.
Ao language cluster
Ethnologue lists the following varieties of Ao.
- Mongsen Khari
- Changki
- Chongli (Chungli)
- Dordar (Yacham)
- Longla
Chongli and Mongsen are nearly mutually unintelligible.
Mills (1926) lists the Ao Naga tribes of Nagaland as speaking three languages: Chungli, Mongsen, and Changki. Chungli Ao and Mongsen Ao are spoken in majority of the Ao villages, whereas Changki speakers form the minor speakers.
Mongsen Ao is spoken primarily in the western part of Ao territory.
Changki Ao is spoken only in 3 villages - Changki, Japu and Longjemdang - which is poorly documented though reportedly related to Mongsen Ao. Some Changki speakers can fluently converse in both Mongsen and Chungli, but a Mongsen Ao cannot speak Changki or understand it, whereas a Chungli can hardly understand or speak Changki. Chungli Ao and Mongsen Ao are not mutually intelligible.[1]
The speech of each Ao village has its own distinctive characteristics. Many villages contain both Chungli and Mongsen speakers.
Phonology
See the individual languages for a description.
References
- ^ Escamilla, R. M. (2012). An Updated Typology of Causative Constructions: Form-Function Mappings in Hupa (California Athabaskan), Chungli Ao (Tibeto-Burman), and Beyond. Unpublished PhD dissertation, U.C. Berkeley.
- van Driem, George (2001). Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region. Leiden: Brill.
- Bruhn, Daniel Wayne. 2014. A Phonological Reconstruction of Proto-Central Naga. Ph.D. dissertation. University of California, Berkeley.
- Saul, J. D. 2005. The Naga of Burma: Their festivals, customs and way of life. Bangkok, Thailand: Orchid Press.
- Barkman, Tiffany. 2014. A descriptive grammar of Jejara (Para Naga) Archived 2019-10-06 at the Wayback Machine. MA thesis, Chiang Mai: Payap University.
- Shi, Vong Tsuh. 2009. Discourse studies of Makuri Naga narratives Archived 2020-05-01 at the Wayback Machine. MA thesis, Chiang Mai: Payap University.
- Language and Social Development Organization (LSDO). 2006. A sociolinguistic survey of Makuri, Para, and Long Phuri Naga in Layshi Township, Myanmar. Unpublished manuscript.
- Mills, J. P (1926). The Ao Nagas. London: MacMillan & Co.
