Hallingmål-Valdris

Hallingmål-Valdris
Hallingmål-Valdris
Halling, Hallingdøl, Valdresmål
Native to	Norway
Region	Hallingdal, Valdres
Language family	Indo-European Germanic Northwest Germanic North Germanic West Scandinavian Norwegian Eastern Norwegian Midland Norwegian Hallingmål-Valdris; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	None
	Administrative map of Hallingdal and Valdres Valdres Hallingdal

Hallingmål-Valdris (also known by the individual names Halling, Hallingdøl, or Valdresmål) is a group of Norwegian dialects traditionally spoken in the traditional districts Hallingdal, Buskerud and Valdres, Oppland.

Phonology

/rn/ is usually realized as a prestopped nasal , while the allophone only occurs in words like baren () "the bar".
/rl/ also has a prestopped realization .
The phoneme which is commonly called thick L (written /ɽ/ in IPA), exists in words that had either ⟨l⟩ or ⟨rð⟩ in Old Norse. In Vang, /ɽ/ occurs only in the first case.
The consonant clusters ⟨sk⟩, ⟨skj⟩, and ⟨sj⟩ were not pronounced as [ʂ], only ⟨-rs-⟩ was. Sørbygdi in Flå pronounces ⟨sj⟩ as , while Gulsvik pronounces it as .
The consonant clusters ⟨sl⟩ and ⟨tl⟩ were mostly assimilated to . Hol and Ål assimilated these to , and Sørbygdi in Flå assimilated ⟨sl⟩ to .
The clusters ⟨-ld⟩, ⟨-nd⟩ and ⟨-mb⟩ are pronounced as spelled.
The Old Norse cluster ⟨-fn⟩ is pronounced as assimilated or .

The back vowels and in older Hallingmål-Valdris were pronounced as in Old Norse, without the vowel shift to, respectively, and that is found in most other Norwegian dialects.
The short Old Norse vowels ⟨o⟩ and ⟨ö⟩ are pronounced as central [ɞ] almost everywhere, except for Ål (but not Torpo), where these are back [ɔ]. In Valdres (except for Vang), the schwa /ə/ can also be realized as [ɞ].
Traditionally, /æ, æː/ were pronounced as open-mid .
The words pronounced and mean "I" and "am", respectively.
Itacism is found in southern Hallingdal (Flå, Nes and some in Gol), making the vowel /yː/ to be unrounded to [iː].
The Old Norse diphthongs ⟨ei⟩, ⟨ey⟩ and ⟨au⟩ are traditionally pronounced as , ( in southern Hallingdal) and . This is occurs today especially in upper Valdres and Hol and Ål.

^ The southern villages Begnadalen and Hedalen in Sør-Aurdal, Valdres don't speak Valdris, as their dialect is closer to the Ringerike dialect.
^ It may also be realized as in Hemsedal, Gol and the southern villages in Valdres, although this only occurs in plural definite form.
^ ^a ^b The IPA used here is with the traditional diphthongs, and the vowel shift.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Only used in Valdres.
^ ^a ^b Only used in Hallingdal and the southern villages in Valdres.
^ ^a ^b Only used in Hallingdal.
^ These forms are used interchangeably, though Hallingdal only uses the first, without the r.
^ Only used in Aurdal and Etnedal.
^ ^a ^b Only used in Valdres, except for Vang.
^ ^a ^b ^c Only used in Sør-Aurdal.
^ In the older dialects of Vang and Slidre, has been used for feminine, but is not used today.
^ ^a ^b ^c Only used in Hol and Ål.

^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2022-05-24). "Older Runic". Glottolog. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Archived from the original on 2022-11-13. Retrieved 2022-11-13.
^ Kvåle 1999, p. 7.
^ Jahr 1990, p. 57.
^ Kvåle 1999, p. 12.
^ ^a ^b ^c Skjekkeland 1997, p. 116.
^ Kvåle 1999, p. 19, 21.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Jahr 1990, p. 58.
^ ^a ^b Kvåle 1999, p. 17.
^ ^a ^b Venås 1977, p. 36.
^ Ross 1907, p. 20.
^ Venås 1977, p. 16.
^ Kvåle 1999, p. 18.
^ ^a ^b Skjekkeland 1997, p. 216.
^ Venås 1977, p. 48.
^ ^a ^b ^c Kvåle 1999, p. 15.
^ Skjekkeland 1997, p. 47.
^ Kvåle 1999, p. 16.
^ Venås, Kjell. "dialekter i Hallingdal". snl.no. Retrieved 8 July 2015.
^ ^a ^b Jahr 1990, p. 56.
^ Kvåle 1999, p. 20-25.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Ross 1907, p. 22.
^ Kvåle 1999, p. 32-34.
^ Venås 1977, p. 127-133.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Kvåle 1999, p. 32.
^ Venås 1977, p. 127-128.
^ Kvåle 1999, p. 34.
^ Venås 1977, p. 129.