Haplogroup S (mtDNA)
Haplogroup S (mtDNA)'s theme is one that has captured the attention of people from all walks of life. Whether it is a controversial topic, an influential person or a historical event, Haplogroup S (mtDNA) has managed to generate interest and debate in different communities and social circles. Over the years, Haplogroup S (mtDNA) has been the subject of study, analysis and reflection, which demonstrates its relevance and impact on society and popular culture. In this article, we will explore different aspects related to Haplogroup S (mtDNA), from its origin and evolution to its influence on the world today.
| Haplogroup S | |
|---|---|
| Possible time of origin | 64,000-47,000 years ago |
| Possible place of origin | Australia |
| Ancestor | N |
| Descendants | S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6 |
| Defining mutations | 8404[1] |
In human genetics, Haplogroup S is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup found only among Indigenous Australians. It is a descendant of macrohaplogroup N.
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Origin
Haplogroup S mtDNA evolved within Australia between 64,000 and 40,000 years ago (51 kya).[2]
Distribution
It is found in the Indigenous Australian population. Haplogroup S2 found in Willandra Lakes human remain WLH4 dated back Late Holocene (3,000–500 years ago).[3][4]
The following table lists relevant GenBank samples:
Subclades
Tree
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup S subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation[1] and subsequent published research. The TMRCA for haplogroup S is between 49 and 51 KYA according to Nano Nagle's Aboriginal Australian mitochondrial genome variation – an increased understanding of population antiquity and diversity publication that published in 2017.[2]
- S (64-40 kya) in Australia
- S1 (53-32 kya) in Australia
- S1a (44-29 kya) found in WA, NT, QLD and NSW
- S1b (37-22 kya) found in NT, QLD and NSW
- S1b1 (30-10 kya) found in NT and QLD
- S1b1a (24-6 kya) found in QLD
- S1b2 (17-3 kya) found in QLD
- S1b3 (20-4 kya) found in QLD and NSW
- S1b1 (30-10 kya) found in NT and QLD
- S2 (44-22 kya) in Australia
- S2a (38-18 kya) found in NT, QLD, NSW and TAS
- S2a1 (31-12 kya) found in NSW, QLD and TAS
- S2a1a (19-6 kya) found in NSW and QLD
- S2a2 (38-11 kya) found in NT, QLD and NSW
- S2a1 (31-12 kya) found in NSW, QLD and TAS
- S2b (42-18 kya) found in WA, NT, QLD and VIC
- S2b1(27-9 kya) found in NT, QLD and VIC
- S2b2 (37-12 kya) found in WA, NT and QLD
- S2a (38-18 kya) found in NT, QLD, NSW and TAS
- S-T152C!
- S3 (17-1 kya) found in NT
- S4 found in NT
- S5 found in WA
- S6 found in NSW
- S1 (53-32 kya) in Australia
See also
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|
Phylogenetic tree of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mitochondrial Eve (L) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| L0 | L1–6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| L1 | L2 | L3 | L4 | L5 | L6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| M | N | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| CZ | D | E | G | Q | O | A | S | R | I | W | X | Y | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| C | Z | B | F | R0 | pre-JT | P | U | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| HV | JT | K | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| H | V | J | T | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
References
- ^ a b van Oven, Mannis; Kayser, Manfred (February 2009). "Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation". Human Mutation. 30 (2): E386 – E394. doi:10.1002/humu.20921. PMID 18853457. S2CID 27566749.
- ^ a b Nagle, Nano; van Oven, Mannis; Wilcox, Stephen; van Holst Pellekaan, Sheila; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Xue, Yali; Ballantyne, Kaye N.; Wilcox, Leah; Papac, Luka; Cooke, Karen; van Oorschot, Roland A. H.; McAllister, Peter; Williams, Lesley; Kayser, Manfred; Mitchell, R. John (March 2017). "Aboriginal Australian mitochondrial genome variation – an increased understanding of population antiquity and diversity". Scientific Reports. 7 (1) 43041. Bibcode:2017NatSR...743041N. doi:10.1038/srep43041. PMC 5347126. PMID 28287095.
- ^ Lambert, David; Wright, Joanne; Westaway, Michael; Subramanian, Sankar (8 June 2016). "New DNA study confirms ancient Aborigines were the First Australians". The Conversation.
- ^ a b Heupink, Tim H.; Subramanian, Sankar; Wright, Joanne L.; Endicott, Phillip; Westaway, Michael Carrington; Huynen, Leon; Parson, Walther; Millar, Craig D.; Willerslev, Eske; Lambert, David M. (21 June 2016). "Ancient mtDNA sequences from the First Australians revisited". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 113 (25): 6892–6897. doi:10.1073/pnas.1521066113. PMC 4922152. PMID 27274055.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar Nagle, Nano; van Oven, Mannis; Wilcox, Stephen; van Holst Pellekaan, Sheila; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Xue, Yali; Ballantyne, Kaye N.; Wilcox, Leah; Papac, Luka; Cooke, Karen; van Oorschot, Roland A. H.; McAllister, Peter; Williams, Lesley; Kayser, Manfred; Mitchell, R. John (2017-03-13). "Aboriginal Australian mitochondrial genome variation – an increased understanding of population antiquity and diversity". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): Supplementary Figure 2. doi:10.1038/srep43041. PMC 5347126. PMID 28287095.
External links
- General
- Mannis van Oven's Phylotree
- Haplogroup S
- Ian Logan's Mitochondrial DNA Site: Haplogroup S
- mitoLEAF's Haplogroup S
- FamilyTreeDNA's Mitotree: Haplogroup S
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