Harry B. Gray

Harry Barkus Gray (Woodburn, 14 novembre 1935) è un chimico statunitense, noto principalmente per i suoi contributi alla chimica bioinorganica e ai processi di trasferimento elettronico.

Vita

Harry B. Gray nacque nel 1935, figlio di Barkus Gray e Ruby Hopper. Nel 1957 ottenne il baccellierato in chimica alla Università Western Kentucky. Nello stesso anno sposò Shirley Barnes, con la quale avrebbe avuto tre figli: Victoria Lynn, Andrew Thomas e Noah Harry Barkus. Iniziò a lavorare nella chimica inorganica alla Università Northwestern, dove ottenne il Ph.D. nel 1960 lavorando sotto la guida di Fred Basolo e Ralph Pearson. Trascorse un anno di post-dottorato alla Università di Copenaghen studiando la struttura elettronica dei complessi con Carl J. Ballhausen.
Successivamente andò a New York presso la Columbia University, dove fu prima ricercatore (1961-1963), poi professore associato (1963-65) e infine professore ordinario (1965-66). Nel 1966 si trasferì al California Institute of Technology dove è professore di chimica e direttore fondatore dell'Istituto Beckman.

Ricerche

Gray si è interessato di vari aspetti fondamentali della chimica inorganica, della biochimica e della biofisica, ed è considerato uno dei fondatori della chimica bioinorganica. I processi di trasferimento elettronico sono un tratto comune di gran parte delle sue ricerche.

Più in particolare, ha studiato il trasferimento di elettroni a lungo raggio in complessi inorganici, soprattutto in metalloproteine. Utilizzando complessi di rutenio, ha dimostrato che le transizioni elettroniche avvengono con velocità significativa anche tra atomi di metallo distanti tra loro. Gli elettroni passano per effetto tunnel su una distanza di 1-2 nanometri (circa 10-20 diametri atomici) attraverso polipeptidi circostanti. Gray conduce anche ricerche sui meccanismi di reazioni inorganiche e bioinorganiche e sul ripiegamento di proteine.

Premi e riconoscimenti

Gray ha ottenuto numerosi premi, tra i quali:

• 1986 National Medal of Science (Presidente degli Stati Uniti d'America)
• 1991 Priestley Medal (American Chemical Society)
• 2003 NAS Award in Chemical Sciences (United States National Academy of Sciences)
• 2004 Premio Wolf per la chimica (Wolf Foundation)

Gray è membro di numerose Accademie scientifiche internazionali e ha ricevuto 16 Dottorati honoris causa: 1984 Northwestern University, 1987 University of Chicago, 1987 University of Rochester, 1991 Université Paul Sabatier, 1991 Göteborgs Universitet, 1993 Università di Firenze, 1994 Columbia University, 1994 Bowling Green State University, 1995 Illinois Wesleyan University, 1995 University of Pennsylvania, 1996 Oberlin College, 1997 University of Arizona, 2001 Carleton University, 2003 University of Southern California, 2003 Università di Copenaghen, 2006 University of Edinburgh

Opere

Oltre a più di 700 articoli scientifici su riviste specializzate, Gray è autore di molti libri, tra i quali:

• H. B. Gray, Electrons and chemical bonding, New York, Benjamin, 1964, ISBN 978-0-8053-3401-2.
• C. H. Langford, H. B. Gray, Ligand substitution processes, New York, Benjamin, 1966, ISBN 0-8053-5822-6.
• H. B. Gray, G. P. Haight, Basic principles of chemistry, New York, Benjamin, 1967.
• R. E. Dickerson, H. B. Gray, G. P. Haight, Chemical principles, New York, Benjamin, 1970, ISBN 0-8053-2359-7.
• G. S. Hammond, J. Osteryoung, H. B. Gray, Models in chemical science. An introduction to general chemistry, New York, Benjamin, 1971, ISBN 0-8053-3670-2.
• H. B. Gray, J. G. Swanson, T. H. Crawford, Project ACAC. An experimental investigation in synthesis and structure, Tarrytown-on-Hudson, N.Y., Bogden and Quigley, 1972, ISBN 0-8005-0030-X.
• H. B. Gray, Chemical bonds. An introduction to atomic and molecular structure, Menlo Park, Calif., Benjamin, 1973, ISBN 0-8053-3402-5.
• R. L. DeKock, H. B. Gray, Chemical Structure and Bonding, Menlo Park, Calif., Benjamin/Cummings, 1980, ISBN 0-8053-2310-4.
• C. J. Ballhausen, H. B. Gray, Molecular electronic structures, Reading, Mass., Benjamin/Cummings, 1980, ISBN 0-8053-0452-5.
• A. B. P. Lever, H. B. Gray, Iron porphyrins, Reading, Mass., Addison Wesley, 1982, ISBN 0-201-05816-2, , 0201058170.
• I. Bertini, H. B. Gray, S. J. Lippard, J. S. Valentine, Bioinorganic chemistry, Mill Valley, Calif., University Science Books, 1994, ISBN 0-935702-57-1.
• H. B. Gray, J. D. Simon, W. C. Trogler, Braving the elements, Sausalito, University Science Books, 1995, ISBN 0-935702-34-2.
• I. Bertini, H. B. Gray, E. I. Stiefel, J. S. Valentine, Biological inorganic chemistry. Structure and reactivity, University Science Books, 2006, ISBN 978-1-891389-43-6.

Altri progetti

• Wikimedia Commons contiene immagini o altri file su Harry B. Gray

Collegamenti esterni

• (EN) Harry B. Gray, su royalsociety.org, Royal Society.
• (EN) Opere di Harry B. Gray, su Open Library, Internet Archive.
• (EN) Sito di Gray al Caltech, su cce.caltech.edu. URL consultato il 15 giugno 2011 (archiviato dall'url originale il 25 gennaio 2010).
• (EN) Premio Wolf 2004, su wolffund.org.il. URL consultato il 15 giugno 2011 (archiviato dall'url originale il 7 febbraio 2012).
• (EN) Pagina di Gray su isiknowledge.com, su hcr3.isiknowledge.com (archiviato dall'url originale il 29 settembre 2007).

V · D · M Vincitori Premio Wolf - Categoria Chimica
Carl Djerassi (1978) · Herman Mark (1979) · Henry Eyring (1980) · Joseph Chatt (1981) · John Charles Polanyi - George C. Pimentel (1982) · Herbert S. Gutowsky - Harden M. McConnell - John S. Waugh (1984) · Rudolph Marcus (1985) · Elias James Corey - Albert Eschenmoser (1986) · David C. Phillips - David Blow (1987) · Joshua Jortner - Raphael David Levine (1988) · Duilio Arigoni - Alan Rushton Battersby (1989) · Richard R. Ernst - Alexander Pines (1991) · John Pople (1992) · Ahmed Zewail (1993) · Richard Lerner - Peter Schultz (1995) · Gilbert Stork - Samuel J. Danishefsky (1996) · Gerhard Ertl - Gábor Arpad Somorjai (1998) · Raymond Lemieux (1999) · Frank Albert Cotton (2000) · Henri B. Kagan - Ryōji Noyori - K. Barry Sharpless (2001) · Harry B. Gray (2004) · Richard N. Zare (2005) · Ada Yonath - George Feher (2007) · William Moerner - Allen Bard (2008) · Stuart A. Rice - Ching W. Tang - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski (2011) · Armand Paul Alivisatos - Charles M. Lieber (2012) · Robert S. Langer (2013) · Chi-Huey Wong (2014) · Kyriacos Costa Nicolaou - Stuart Schreiber (2016) · Robert G. Bergman (2017) · Omar Yaghi - Makoto Fujita (2018) · Stephen L. Buchwald - John F. Hartwig (2019) · Leslie Leiserowitz - Meir Lahav (2021) · Bonnie Bassler - Carolyn R. Bertozzi - Benjamin Cravatt (2022) · Chuan He - Hiroaki Suga - Jeffery W. Kelly (2023)
Agricoltura · Arti · Chimica · Fisica · Matematica · Medicina

V · D · M Vincitori della National Medal of Science per la chimica

Roger Adams (1964) · Frank Albert Cotton, Gilbert Stork (1982) · Roald Hoffmann, George C. Pimentel, Richard Zare (1983) · Harry B. Gray, Yuan T. Lee, Carl S. Marvel, Frank H. Westheimer (1986) · William S. Johnson, Walter H. Stockmayer, Max Tishler (1987) · William O. Baker, Konrad Emil Bloch, Elias James Corey (1988) · Richard B. Bernstein, Melvin Calvin, Rudoph A. Marcus, Harden M. McConnell (1989) · Elkan Blout, Karl August Folkers, John D. Roberts (1990) · Ronald Breslow, Gertrude B. Elion, Dudley Herschbach, Glenn Theodore Seaborg (1991) · Howard Ensign Simmons Jr. (1992) · Donald J. Cram, Norman Hackerman (1993) · George S. Hammond (1994) · Thomas Cech, Isabella L. Karle (1995) · Norman Davidson (1996) · Darleane C. Hoffman, Harold S. Johnston (1997) · John W. Cahn, George M. Whitesides (1998) · Stuart A. Rice, John Ross, Susan Solomon (1999) · John D. Baldeschwieler, Ralph F. Hirschmann (2000) · Ernest R. Davidson, Gábor Arpad Somorjai (2001) · John I. Brauman (2002) · Stephen J. Lippard (2004) · Tobin J. Marks 2005) · Marvin H. Caruthers, Peter B. Dervan (2006) · Mostafa A. El-Sayed (2007) · Joanna S. Fowler, JoAnne Stubbe (2008) · Stephen J. Benkovic, Marye Anne Fox (2009) · Jacqueline K. Barton, Peter J. Stang (2010) · Allen Bard, Frederick Hawthorne (2011) · Judith P. Klinman, Jerrold Meinwald (2012) · Geraldine L. Richmond (2013) · Paul Alivisatos (2014)

V · D · M Vincitori della Medaglia Priestley (ACS)

Ira Remsen (1923) • Edgar Fahs Smith (1926) • Francis P. Garvan (1929) • Charles Lathrop Parsons (1932) • William A. Noyes (1935) Marston T. Bogert (1938) • Thomas Midgley (1941) • James Bryant Conant (1944) • Ian Morris Heilbron (1945) • Roger Adams (1946) • Warren K. Lewis (1947) • Edward R. Weidlein (1948) • Arthur B. Lamb (1949) • Charles August Kraus (1950) • Evan J. Crane (1951) • Samuel C. Lind (1952) • Robert Robinson (1953) • W. Albert Noyes, Jr. (1954) • Charles A. Thomas (1955) • Carl S. Marvel (1956) • Farrington Daniels (1957) • Ernest H. Volwiler (1958) • Hermann Irving Schlesinger (1959) • Wallace Reed Brode (1960) • Louis Plack Hammett (1961) • Joel Henry Hildebrand (1962) • Peter Debye (1963) • John C. Bailar Jr. (1964) • William J. Sparks (1965) • William O. Baker (1966) • Ralph Connor (1967) • William G. Young (1968) • Kenneth S. Pitzer (1969) • Max Tishler (1970) • Frederick Rossini (1971) • George B. Kistiakowsky (1972) • Harold Urey (1973) • Paul Flory (1974) • Henry Eyring (1975) • George S. Hammond (1976) • Henry Gilman (1977) • Melvin Calvin (1978) • Glenn Theodore Seaborg (1979) • Milton Harris (1980) • Herbert Brown (1981) • Bryce Crawford, Jr. (1982) • Robert Mulliken (1983) • Linus Pauling (1984) • Henry Taube (1985) • Karl August Folkers (1986) • John D. Roberts (1987) • Frank H. Westheimer (1988) • George C. Pimentel (1989) • Roald Hoffmann (1990) • Harry B. Gray (1991) • Carl Djerassi (1992) • Robert W. Parry (1993) • Howard E. Simmons (1994) • Derek Harold Richard Barton (1995) • Ernest L. Eliel (1996) • Mary L. Good (1997) • Frank Albert Cotton (1998) • Ronald Breslow (1999) • Darleane C. Hoffman (2000) • Fred Basolo (2001) • Allen Bard (2002) • Edwin J. Vandenberg (2003) • Elias J. Corey (2004) • George A. Olah (2005) • Paul S. Anderson (2006) • George M. Whitesides (2007) • Gábor Arpad Somorjai (2008) • Frederick Hawthorne (2009) • Richard Zare (2010) • Ahmed H. Zewail (2011) • Robert S. Langer (2012) • Peter J. Stang (2013) • Stephen J. Lippard (2014) • Jacqueline Barton (2015) • Mostafa El-Sayed (2016) • Tobin J. Marks (2017) • Geraldine L. Richmond (2018) • Barry Sharpless (2019)

V · D · M Vincitori della Medaglia d'oro dell'American Institute of Chemists

William Blum (1926) • Lafayette B. Mendel (1927) • Francis P. Garvan (1929) • George Eastman (1930) • Andrew Mellon, Richard B. Mellon (1931) • Charles H. Herty (1932) • Henry C. Sherman (1933) • James Bryant Conant (1934) • Marston Taylor Bogert (1936) • James F. Norris (1937) • Frederick G. Cottrell (1938) • Gustav Egloff (1940) • Henry G. Knight (1941) • William Lloyd Evans (1942) • Walter S. Landis (1943) • Willard H. Dow (1944) • John W. Thomas (1945) • Robert Price Russell (1946) • Moses Leverock Crossley (1947) • Charles A. Thomas (1948) • Warren K. Lewis (1949) • Walter J. Murphy (1950) • Harry N. Holmes (1951) • Fred J. Emmerich (1952) • J. C. Warner (1953) • William J. Sparks (1954) • Carl S. Marvel (1955) • Raymond Stevens (1956) • Roy Newton (1957) • Lawrence Flett (1958) • Crawford H. Greenewalt (1959) • Ernest H. Volwiler (1960) • Alden H. Emery (1961) • George W. Parks (1962) • Ralph Connor (1963) • Roger Adams (1964) • Edwin Cox (1965) • John H. Nair (1966) • Wayne E. Kuhn (1967) • Orville E. May (1968) • Henry B. Hass (1969) • Willard Frank Libby (1970) • Emmett B. Carmichael (1971) • Harold Urey (1972) • Glenn Theodore Seaborg (1973) • William Edward Hanford (1974) • William O. Baker (1975) • Kenneth S. Pitzer (1976) • Max Tishler (1977) • Norman Hackerman (1978) • Melvin Calvin (1979) • Arthur M. Bueche (1980) • Lewis Hastings Sarett (1981) • Milton Harris (1982) • Mary L. Good (1983) • John H. Sinfelt (1984) • Herbert Brown (1985) • Norman Bruce Hannay (1986) • Arnold O. Beckman (1987) • George C. Pimentel (1988) • Elias James Corey (1989) • Harry B. Gray (1990) • Bruce N. Ames (1991) • Roy L. Whistler (1992) • Fred Basolo (1993) • Arthur Adamson (1994) • George Parshall (1995) • Harry Drickman (1996) • Alfred Bader (1997) • Frank Albert Cotton (1998) • Yie W. Chien (2000) • Tobin Marks (2002) • Ralph Hirschmann (2003) • Carl Djerassi (2004) • Robert L. McNeil (2005) • Roald Hoffmann (2006) • George M. Whitesides (2007) • Paul Berg (2008) • Oliver Smithies (2009) • Robert Grubbs (2010) • Dudley Herschbach (2011) • Elizabeth Blackburn (2012) • John D. Roberts (2013) • Ronald Breslow (2014) • Jacqueline Barton (2015) • Chad Mirkin (2016) • Stephen J. Lippard (2017) • Edmond Gerald Meyer (2018) • Henry Frederick Schaefer (2019) • Peter J. Stang (2020)

V · D · M Vincitori del NAS Award in Chemical Sciences

Linus Pauling (1979) • Frank H. Westheimer (1980) • Bruno H. Zimm (1981) • Gilbert Stork (1982) • Henry Taube (1983) • Richard B. Bernstein (1985) • Roald Hoffmann (1986) • Herbert C. Brown (1987) • Harden M. McConnell (1988) • Ronald Breslow (1989) • F. Albert Cotton (1990) • Richard N. Zare (1991) • Donald J. Cram (1992) • Richard H. Holm (1993) • Koji Nakanishi (1994) • Isabella L. Karle (1995) • Ahmed H. Zewail (1996) • M. Frederick Hawthorne (1997) • Allen J. Bard (1998) • John D. Roberts (1999) • K. Barry Sharpless (2000) • John I. Brauman (2001) • Elias J. Corey (2002) • Harry B. Gray (2003) • Robert G. Parr (2004) • Thomas C. Bruice (2005) • Samuel J. Danishefsky (2006) • Robert G. Bergman (2007) • JoAnne Stubbe (2008) • Joanna S. Fowler (2009) • Louis E. Brus (2010) • Stephen J. Benkovic (2011)

V · D · M Vincitori del Premio Linus Pauling (ACS)

Linus Pauling (1966) • Manfred Eigen (1967) • Herbert Brown (1968) • Henry Eyring (1969) • Harold Urey (1970) • Gerhard Herzberg (1971) • E. Bright Wilson (1972) • Elias James Corey (1973) • Roald Hoffmann (1974) • Paul Doughty Bartlett (1975) • Frank Albert Cotton (1976) • John Pople (1977) • Dudley Herschbach (1978) • Daniel Koshland (1979) • John D. Roberts (1980) • Henry Taube (1981) • George C. Pimentel (1982) • Gilbert Stork (1983) • John S. Waugh (1984) • Harold A. Scheraga (1985) • Harry B. Gray (1986) • Harden M. McConnell (1987) • Keith Ingold (1988) • Neil Bartlett (1989) • James P. Collman (1990) • Rudolph Marcus (1991) • Kenneth Wiberg (1992) • Richard Zare (1993) • James A. Ibers (1994) • Alexander Rich (1995) • Kyriacos C. Nicolaou (1996) • Ahmed Zewail (1997) • Allen Bard (1998) • Peter B. Dervan (1999) • Gábor Arpad Somorjai (2000) • Tobin J. Marks (2001) • John I. Brauman (2002) • Robert Grubbs (2003) • Martin Karplus (2004) • George M. Whitesides (2005) • Peter Stang (2006) • Jacqueline K. Barton (2007) • Thomas C. Bruice (2008) • Stephen J. Lippard (2009) • Armand Paul Alivisatos (2010) • Larry R. Dalton (2011) • Robert Cava (2012) • Chad Mirkin (2013) • Stephen Buchwald (2014) • Barry M. Trost (2015) • Timothy M. Swager (2016) • Christopher C. Cummins (2017) • Geraldine Richmond (2018) • Catherine J. Murphy (2019) • Paul Chirik (2020)

V · D · M Vincitori del Premio Willard Gibbs (ACS)

Svante Arrhenius (1911) • Theodore William Richards (1912) • Leo Baekeland (1913) • Ira Remsen (1914) • Arthur Amos Noyes (1915) • Willis R. Whitney (1916) • Edward Morley (1917) • William Merriam Burton (1918) • William A. Noyes (1919) • Frederick Gardner Cottrell (1920) • Marie Curie (1921) • Julius Stieglitz (1923) • Gilbert Lewis (1924) • Moses Gomberg (1925) • James Colquhoun Irvine (1926) • John Jacob Abel (1927) • William Draper Harkins (1928) • Claude Silbert Hudson (1929) • Irving Langmuir (1930) • Phoebus Levene (1931) • Edward Curtis Franklin (1932) • Richard Martin Willstätter (1933) • Harold Urey (1934) • Charles August Kraus (1935) • Roger Adams (1936) • Herbert Newby McCoy (1937) • Robert R. Williams (1938) • Donald Dexter Van Slyke (1939) • Vladimir Ipatieff (1940) • Edward Adelbert Doisy (1941) • Thomas Midgley (1942) • Conrad Arnold Elvehjem (1943) • George O. Curme, Jr. (1944) • Frank C. Whitmore (1945) • Linus Pauling (1946) • Wendell Meredith Stanley (1947) • Carl F. Cori (1948) • Peter Debye (1949) • Carl S. Marvel (1950) William Francis Giauque (1951) William C. Rose (1952) • Joel Henry Hildebrand (1953) • Elmer K. Bolton (1954) • Farrington Daniels (1955) • Vincent du Vigneaud (1956) • W. Albert Noyes, Jr. (1957) • Willard Frank Libby (1958) • Hermann Irving Schlesinger (1959) • George B. Kistiakowsky (1960) • Louis Plack Hammett (1961) • Lars Onsager (1962) • Paul Doughty Bartlett (1963) • Izaak M. Kolthoff (1964) • Robert Mulliken (1965) • Glenn Theodore Seaborg (1966) • Robert Burns Woodward (1967) • Henry Eyring (1968) • Gerhard Herzberg (1969) • Frank H. Westheimer (1970) • Henry Taube (1971) • John T. Edsall (1972) • Paul Flory (1973) • Har Gobind Khorana (1974) • Herman F. Mark (1975) • Kenneth S. Pitzer (1976) • Melvin Calvin (1977) • William O. Baker (1978) • Edgar Bright Wilson (1979) • Frank Albert Cotton (1980) • Bert Lester Vallee (1981) • Gilbert Stork (1982) • John D. Roberts (1983) • Elias James Corey (1984) • Donald James Cram (1985) • Jack Halpern (1986) • Allen Bard (1987) • Rudolph Marcus (1988) • Richard Barry Bernstein (1989) • Richard Zare (1990) • Günther Wilke (1991) • Harry B. Gray (1992) • Peter B. Dervan (1993) • Frederick Hawthorne (1994) • John Meurig Thomas (1995) • Fred Basolo (1996) • Carl Djerassi (1997) • Mario Molina (1998) • Lawrence F. Dahl (1999) • Nicholas Turro (2000) • Tobin J. Marks (2001) • Ralph Hirschmann (2002) • John I. Brauman (2003) • Ronald Breslow (2004) • David A. Evans (2005) • Jacqueline K. Barton (2006) • Sylvia T. Ceyer (2007) • Carolyn R. Bertozzi (2008) • Louis Brus (2009) • Maurice Brookhart (2010) • Robert G. Bergman (2011) • Mark Ratner (2012) • Charles M. Lieber (2013) • John E. Bercaw (2014) • John F. Hartwig (2015) • Laura L. Kiessling (2016) • Judith Klinman (2017) • Cynthia Burrows (2018) • Marcetta Y. Darensbourg (2019)

Controllo di autorità	VIAF (EN) 17308599 · ISNI (EN) 0000 0001 1041 5435 · ORCID (EN) 0000-0002-7937-7876 · LCCN (EN) n80020407 · GND (DE) 108111792 · BNF (FR) cb124027356 (data) · J9U (EN, HE) 987007446060005171 · NDL (EN, JA) 00522134 · WorldCat Identities (EN) lccn-n80020407