Kadu languages
In today's article we are going to delve into the topic of Kadu languages, which has captured the attention of experts and the general public. Kadu languages is a topic of great relevance today, since it impacts different aspects of society, economy, politics and culture. Throughout this article we will explore the different aspects of Kadu languages, analyzing its history, its current impact and possible future projections. In addition, we will examine the different perspectives and opinions that exist around Kadu languages, with the aim of providing a broad and complete vision on this topic. Join us in this exploration of Kadu languages and discover everything you need to know about this exciting topic!
| Kadu | |
|---|---|
| Tumtum Kadugli–Krongo | |
| Geographic distribution | Nuba Mountains of Sudan |
| Linguistic classification | Nilo-Saharan?
|
| Subdivisions |
|
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | kadu1256 |
 | |
The Kadu languages, also known as Kadugli–Krongo or Tumtum, are a small language family of the Kordofanian geographic grouping, once included in Niger–Congo. However, since Thilo Schadeberg (1981), Kadu is widely seen as Nilo-Saharan. Evidence for a Niger-Congo affiliation is rejected, and a Nilo-Saharan relationship is controversial. A conservative classification would treat the Kadu languages as an independent family.[1]
Classification
Blench (2006) notes that Kadu languages share similarities with multiple African language phyla, including Niger-Congo and Nilo-Saharan, suggesting a complex history of linguistic convergence and contact.[2] However, more recently, Blench states that Kadu is almost certainly Nilo-Saharan, with its closest relationship being with Eastern Sudanic.[3][4]
Like the Nilotic, Surmic, and Kuliak languages, Kadu languages have verb-initial word order. However, most other languages of the Nuba Mountains, Darfur, and the Sudan-Ethiopia border region have verb-final word order.[5]
Branches
There are three branches:
Classification
Hall & Hall (2004),[6] based on Schadeberg (1987),[7] classify the languages as follows.
| Kadu | |
Dafalla (2000) compares 179 cognates in Kadugli, Kamda, Kanga, Katcha, Keiga, Kufa, Miri, Shororo-Kursi, and Tulishi. Dafalla's (2000) results are similarly to those of Schadeberg (1989).
Reconstructions
Some Kadu quasi-reconstructions by Blench (2006):[8]
| Gloss | Proto-Kadu |
|---|---|
| bone | **-kub- |
| to cut, split | **deŋ- |
| to dance, sing, play | **bila |
| give | **-ɲa |
| head | **-tu |
| rat, mouse | **-fɛ |
| five | **turu |
Comparative vocabulary
Sample basic vocabulary for Kadu languages:[9]
| Language | name of language | name of people | name of locality | eye | eyes | ear | ears | nose | tooth | teeth | tongue | tongues | mouth | mouths | blood | bone | bones | tree | trees | water | eat (imperative) | name | names |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mudo | t̪u-muɗo | ka-muɗo | áyye | ɲéne (e ~ ɪ) | neesɔ | kisínɛ | ɔ́ŋgɔ́rɔk/n- | t̪íŋíni | ííni | ëëdɔ | niŋgɔ́ɔ́dɔ | níínɔ | niináádi | (t̪iŋ-)/aríída | gúba | gubúúni | nde-aadí | k-aadí | ɓííd̪í | urí | ɛrɛ | nɛ́ŋgɛ́rɛ | |
| Yegang | sani ma-yɛgaŋ; d̪-ayga | ka-yɛgaŋ | ɗi ma-yɛgaŋ; k-ɛɛgaŋ | ayyɛ | nigɛ́ɛ́nɛ́ | nɔɔsɔ ~ nɔssɔ | anɔ́ɔ́sɔ́ | ɓ-/arwɔk (nostril) | t̪ɪŋɪnɪ | kɪɪnɪ | t̪aŋʊɗɔ | anɗɔ́ɔ́nɛ́ | niinʊ | namnáád̪í | arid̪ʊ | t̪úŋʊ́ɓa | kooɓá | t̪aŋaɗí | kaaɗí | ɓiid̪i | kurɪ́ | ɛrɛ | kɛrɛ́ɛ́nɛ́ |
| Kufo | t̪iŋ-guufɔ | kud̪u maa-guufɔ | kuufɔ | ɛɛ | iyyɛ | nɛɛsɔ́ | íʃinɛ | mɔɔrɔ/níŋgɔrɔ | nd̪iŋiní | ŋiini | ŋɔɗɔ | ní-ŋáɗɔ | niinɔ | nitti | r̀ɗʊ | kuɓa | kuɓɔɔni | ffa | fáád̪ánɛ | ɓeeʃi | ʊʊri | ɛɛrɛ | nigirɛɛnɛ |
| Miri | ti-miri, t̪umma maa-miri | kad̪u maa-miri, kad̪u maa-faɗɔ | ɲɲa maa-miri | ɔɔyɛ | iiyɛ | nɛɛsɔ | isinɛ́ | úmb-/nugúŋg-ɔrɔk (nostril) | t̪í-ŋíni | ŋíni | (ŋ)ŋáɗɔ | nagáŋgáɗɔ | niinɔ | niginíínɔ | ariid̪u | t̪uŋuɓa | kuɓʊʊní | ffa | nááfa | ɓiid̪i | ágúrri | ɛɛrɛ | nigirɛɛnɛ |
| Talla | t̪in-d̪alla | kaa-d̪alla | t̪alla | ayyɛ | iyyɛ | naasɔ | isinɛ́ | ámb-/nigáŋg-árɔk | t̪-iŋŋini | iŋŋini | áŋdáɗuk | ni-ŋ́gɔɗɔ | niinɔ | niginíínɔ | ariid̪ʊ | t̪iŋguba | kuba | ffa | nááfa | ɓiid̪i | oori | ɛɛrɛ | nigirɛɛnɛ |
| Tolibi | t̪ʊn-d̪uunu, t̪umma maa-d̪uunu; t̪olibi | ku-d̪uunu | ku-d̪uunu | ɔɔe | iyye | nɛɛsɔ | iisɛ́nɛ́ | ḿbarɔ/nʊgʊ́mbárɔ | t̪íŋ-gini | ii-gini | ŋ́gɔɗɔ | nugúŋgɔ́ɗɔ | niinɔ | náá-, nɛ́ɛ́-níínɔ | (ǹd̪ɛ́!ríídó)/á!ríídó | kʊɓa | kʊɓooní | affá | nnááfa | ɓiid̪i | aguri | ɛɛrɛ | nɪgɛrɛɛnɛ́ |
| Sangali | t̪umma ka-saŋaali | ka-saŋaali | ka-saŋaali | aaya | iiyɛ | naasɔ | easana | ɓ-/nag-ɔŋgɔ́rɔ | cíɲ(g)ini | ágini | a-ŋgɔ́ɗɔ | nɔ-, (n)agʊ-niinʊ | niinʊ | naginíínʊ | ariid̪ʊ | t̪ʊ́gʊ́ɓííní | kúɓííní | fa | afáád̪ana | ɓííjí (j ~ d̪) | agúrí | (ɛ)áárá | nɛgɛ́ráána |
| Krongo | niinʊ mɔ-ɗi | kad̪u mɔ-ɗi | ɓalí-m-ɔyʊ | (kalí-m-)iiyʊ | nɛaasʊ | nísinɛ | amʊ́ʊ́ni/nɪgámʊʊni | t̪ɪn-jɪnɪ | ɪ-jɪnɪ | cɔɔɗɔ | níjɔɔɗɔ | niinɔ | munɔ́ɔ́d̪i | ʌ́ríd̪ɔ | kúɓʊ́ʊ́í | nugúɓʊ́ʊ́ní | ffa | náfat̪ani | ɓiid̪i | ágʊ́rɪ | yaari | nigíɲaari | |
| Talasa | t̪alasa | kaa-d̪alasa | ayyɛ | kilyá-m-íyyɛ | nɛɛsɔ | nɛ́sínɛ | a-mʊ́ʊ́nɛ/nɛ́ga- | t̪i-giní | níd̪í-giní | t̪ɔŋɔɗɔ́ | nid̪ɔ́ŋɔɗɔ́ | niina | nim̀naad̪i | ard̪a | kʊ́ɓʊ́ʊ́ní | nʊ́gʊ́ɓʊ́ʊ́ní | ffa | nááfa | ɓiigi | aguri | ɛɛrɛ |
Numerals
Comparison of numerals in individual languages:[10]
| Language | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Katcha (1) | ŋkɔ́tɔ́ | ɛɛɾa | íd̪ɔːna | iɡiiso | it id̪úmú | it id̪úmú úfúń ŋkɔ́tɔ́ | it id̪úmú úfúń ɛɛɾa | it id̪úmú úfúń íd̪ɔːna | it id̪úmú úfúń iɡiiso | ad̪aɓaaɡa |
| Kadugli (Talla dialect) (2) | ŋ́ɡɔ̀ʈɔ̀k / 'ŋ́ɡàʈɔ̀k | ɛ́ːrà | ɔ̀'dɔ́ːnà | í'ɡízò | ù'dúmːù | ǹ̩dɪ̀nà'nɔ́ːɡɔ̀ | ʈìˈmízò | ùdúmːúˈdɪ̀stà | ìˈzántà | ɔ̀ˈlɔ́ːnà |
| Keiga | t̪ɔ́l | arʲáŋ | t̪ɔ̀na | kisːo | t̪ʊ́mʊ | t̪ʊmaɲúŋɡʊ | aŋɗʊ́rkà | abːa | t̪aɲuŋɡaʲ | amdí |
| Krongo | t-yuŋwa | t-yáaryà | t-yóotòonò | t-yóocìisò | àrwá-tì-nìisò (litː 'hit/beat-SGT-hand') | àttì kí-tì nyúŋwá | àttì kí-tì nyáaryà | àttì kí-tì nyóotòonò | àttì kí-tì nyóocìisò | àttì kí-tì n-árwá-tì-nìiso |
| Tulishi (Kamda dialect) | kɔ̀ʈːɔ̀k | kɑ̀ːrɑ́ʔ | tɔ́ːnɑ̀ʔ | tíːsòʔ | tʊ̀mːʊ̀ʔ | rɔ̀sːɑ̀ʔ | kɔ́rɖɑ́ʈːɑ̀ʔ | ɑ̀ʈːɑ́ʔ | kɔ́rómɑ́dɔ̀ɓːɑ́ | tɔ̀ɓːɑ́ʔ |
See also
- Kadu word lists (Wiktionary)
Further reading
- Blench, Roger. 2006. The Kadu Languages and Their Affiliation: between Nilo-Saharan, Niger-Congo and Afro-Asiatic. Insights into Nilo-Saharan Language, History, and Culture. Al-Amin Abu-Manga, L. Gilley & A. Storch eds. 101–127. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe.
- Blench, Roger (2019). "Shabo and Kadu: Two Orphan Branches of Nilo-Saharan". 14th Nilo-Saharan Linguistics Colloquium, Department of African Studies, University of Vienna.
- Stevenson, Roland; Roger Blench (ed). Comparative Kadu Datasheets.
- Reh, Mechthild. 1983. Die Krongo-Sprache (nììnò mó-dì): Beschreibung, Texte, Wörterverzeichnis. (Kölner Beiträge zur Afrikanistik, 12.) Berlin: Dietrich Reimer.
- Schadeberg, Thilo. 1994. Comparative Kadu Wordlists. Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere 40:11–48. University of Cologne.
Notes and references
- ^ Gerrit Dimmendaal, 2008. "Language Ecology and Linguistic Diversity on the African Continent", Language and Linguistics Compass 2/5:843ff.
- ^ Blench, Roger. 2006. The Kadu languages and their affiliation: between Nilo-Saharan, Niger-Congo and Afro-Asiatic. Insights into Nilo-Saharan Language, History and Culture. Al-Amin Abu-Manga, L. Gilley & A. Storch eds. 101–127. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe.
- ^ Blench, Roger. 2109. Chabu and Kadu: two orphan branches of Nilo-Saharan. Proceedings of the 14th Nilo-Saharan Linguistics Colloquium, Department of African Studies, University of Vienna.
- ^ Blench, Roger. 2019. Shabo and Kadu: Two Orphan Branches of Nilo-Saharan. 14th Nilo-Saharan Linguistics Colloquium, Department of African Studies, University of Vienna.
- ^ Güldemann, Tom (2018). "Historical linguistics and genealogical language classification in Africa". In Güldemann, Tom (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of Africa. The World of Linguistics series. Vol. 11. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 58–444. doi:10.1515/9783110421668-002. ISBN 978-3-11-042606-9. S2CID 133888593.
- ^ Hall, Marian and Hall, Edward. 2004. Kadugli-Krongo. Occasional Papers in the Study of Sudanese Languages 9. 57–68. Entebbe: Summer Institute of Linguistics Sudan.
- ^ Schadeberg, Thilo C. 1987. Kordofanian. In The Niger-Congo languages, ed. by John Bendor-Samuel, pp. 66–80. Lanham: University Press of America.
- ^ Blench, Roger. 2006. The Kadu Languages and Their Affiliation: between Nilo-Saharan, Niger-Congo and Afro-Asiatic. Insights into Nilo-Saharan Language, History, and Culture. Al-Amin Abu-Manga, L. Gilley & A. Storch eds. 101–127. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe.
- ^ Schadeberg, Thilo. 1994. Comparative Kadu Wordlists. Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere 40:11–48. University of Cologne.
- ^ Chan, Eugene (2019). "The Nilo-Saharan Language Phylum". Numeral Systems of the World's Languages.
- Dafalla, Rihab Yahia. 2000. A Phonological Comparison of the Katcha Kadugli Language Groups in the Nuba Mountains. M.A. Dissertation, University of Khartoum.
- Schadeberg, Thilo C. 1981. "The Classification of the Kadugli Language Group". Nilo-Saharan, ed. by T. C. Schadeberg and M. Lionel Bender, pp. 291–305. Dordrecht: Foris Publications.
