Longjia language

In this article, we will explore the topic of Longjia language in detail, providing an in-depth analysis ranging from its origins to its relevance today. We will delve into the different aspects surrounding Longjia language, offering a comprehensive vision that allows our readers to deeply understand its importance and implications in different areas. Through research, data and testimonies, we seek to shed light on Longjia language and its impact on society, culture, economics, politics and other relevant fields. What factors have contributed to the evolution of Longjia language over time? What are the main challenges you currently face? What are the possible future implications of Longjia language? These are some of the questions that we will address in this article, with the aim of providing a complete and enriching vision of this topic. Join us on this tour of Longjia language and discover everything there is to know about this fascinating topic!

Longjia
Songnibao
Native toChina
RegionGuizhou
EthnicityLongjia
Native speakers
extinct? (2011)
Language codes
ISO 639-3None (mis)
Glottologlong1417

Longjia (autonym: suŋ55 ni55 mpau21) is a Sino-Tibetan language of Guizhou, China related to Caijia and Luren. Longjia may already be extinct (Zhao 2011).

The Longjia people now speak Southwestern Mandarin, though they used to speak their own language, and have had a long presence in western Guizhou. According to the Guizhou Ethnic Gazetteer (2002), the Longjia language was spoken in Dafang County, Qianxi County (Zhongping District 中坪区; Xinfacun 新发村 of Pojiao District 坡脚区), and Puding County (Jiangyizhai 讲义寨 of Baiyan Township 白岩乡). It is reportedly most similar to Caijia, and has many Old Chinese loanwords.

Classification

Further information: Macro-Bai languages

Guizhou (1984) shows that Longjia is closely related to Caijia and Luren. However, the classification of Caijia within Sino-Tibetan is uncertain. Zhengzhang (2010) suggests that Caijia and Bai are sister languages, while Sagart argues that Caijia is Sinitic and a close relative of Waxiang.

Dialects

The following dialects of Longjia have been described.

  • Pojiao District 坡脚区, Dafang County, Guizhou (Pojiao District now comprises Maochang 猫场镇, Dingxin 鼎新彝族苗族乡, and Lütang 绿塘乡 townships of southwestern Dafang County.)
  • Huaxi Village 花溪大队, Zhongping District 中坪区, Qianxi County (now Huaxi Township 花溪彝族苗族乡)
  • Jiangyizhai 讲义寨, Puding County
  • Caiguan Town 蔡官镇, Anshun City, Guizhou

The following comparative word list of three Longjia dialects is from Guizhou (1984:2-3). Guizhou (1984) notes that the dialect of Jiangyizhai 讲义寨 (Puding County) is divergent, while the dialects of Pojiao 坡脚 (Dafang County) and Huaxi 花溪 (Qianxi County) are more closely related to each other.

English gloss Chinese gloss Pojiao 坡脚 Huaxi 花溪 Jiangyizhai 讲义寨
cattle 牛 ŋau55 ŋau55 ŋau35
to eat 吃 ua31 ua31 ua31
dog 狗 kuɛ33 kuɛ33 kuɛ53
pig 猪 lɛ55 lɛ55 lɛ35
chicken 鸡 kɛ55 kɛ55 kɛ55
rice (crop) 稻谷 mɛ31 mɛ31 mai31
water 水 ɕi31 ɕe31 se31
big 大 la55 la55 lɛ31
two 二 ta31 ta31 to33
four 四 sɿ55 si55 so55
meat 肉 ȵi31 ȵi31 ȵi31; ntɕi31

Phonology

The Puding County Almanac (1999) reports that the Longjia language (autonym: Songnibao 松泥保) has 38 onsets and 22 rimes (8 simple, 14 complex). The Bijie County Almanac (1996:143) reports that there are many prenasalized onsets. In Dafang County, the autonym is Songlibao 松立保.

The most extensive lexical data of Longjia can be found in Zhang & Li (1982).

Nanjinghua

The Nanjing people (南京人) have usually been classified with the Longjia people, and claim to be descendants of soldiers from the Nanjing area who had intermarried with the local Longjia in Guizhou. Their language is known as Nanjinghua (南京话; "Nanjing speech"), which is probably now functionally extinct.

In Jianxinhe village 建新河村, Kunzhai Township 昆寨乡, Nayong County, Guizhou Province, the phrase suo55 mu33 ‘eat rice’ was elicited from an elderly rememberer of Nanjinghua. As suo55 is derived from Proto-Tibeto-Burman *dzya ‘to eat’, this points to Nanjinghua having an SVO word order like Caijia, Longjia, Bai, and Sinitic languages.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Zhao Weifeng . 2011. History of the Bai people of Guizhou . Yinchuan, China: Ningxia People's Press . ISBN 9787227046783
  2. ^ a b Hölzl, Andreas. 2021. Longjia (China) - Language Contexts. Language Documentation and Description 20, 13-34.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Guizhou provincial ethnic classification commission . 1984. Report on ethnic classification issues of the Nanlong people (Nanjing-Longjia) . m.s.
  4. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2023-07-10). "Glottolog 4.8 - Longjia-Luren". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7398962. Archived from the original on 2023-09-13. Retrieved 2023-09-06.
  5. ^ a b Guizhou Province Gazetteer: Ethnic Gazetteer (2002). Guiyang: Guizhou Ethnic Publishing House .
  6. ^ a b Dafang County Almanac (1996:150-152)
  7. ^ Zhèngzhāng Shàngfāng . 2010. Càijiāhuà Báiyǔ guānxì jí cígēn bǐjiào . In Pān Wǔyún and Shěn Zhōngwěi (eds.). Yánjūzhī Lè, The Joy of Research , II, 389–400. Shanghai: Shanghai Educational Publishing House.
  8. ^ Sagart, Laurent. 2011. Classifying Chinese dialects/Sinitic languages on shared innovations. Talk given at Centre de recherches linguistiques sur l’Asie orientale, Norgent sur Marne.
  9. ^ Guizhou provincial ethnic classification commission, linguistic division . 1982. The language of the Caijia . m.s.
  10. ^ Caiguan Town Gazetteer (2004). Guiyang: Guizhou People's Press .
  11. ^ Zhang Jimin 张济民 & Li Juewei 李珏伟. 1982. Yuyan diaocha dagang: Dafang Longjiayu 语言调查大纲: 大方龙家语. (Unpublished manuscript.)
  12. ^ a b c Hsiu, Andrew. 2013. New endangered Tibeto-Burman languages of southwestern China: Mondzish, Longjia, Pherbu, and others. Presented at ICSTLL 46, Dartmouth College.

Further reading

External links

Wikious
Boobota
Sagapedia