In today's world, West Himalayish languages is an issue that has gained relevance in society. With the advancement of technology and globalization, West Himalayish languages has become a point of interest for many, generating debate and reflection in different areas. Whether in academia, work, or everyday life, West Himalayish languages has impacted people around the world in various ways. In this article, we will further explore the impact of West Himalayish languages and how it has influenced different aspects of modern life.
West Himalayish | |
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Kanauric, Almora | |
Geographic distribution | Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand (India), Nepal |
Linguistic classification | Sino-Tibetan
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Glottolog | tibe1275 |
The West Himalayish languages, also known as Almora and Kanauric, are a family of Sino-Tibetan languages centered in Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand and across the border into Nepal. LaPolla (2003) proposes that the West Himalayish languages may be part of a larger "Rung" group.
The languages include:[citation needed]
Zhangzhung, the sacred language of the Bon religion, was spoken north of the Himalayas across western Tibet before being replaced by Tibetan. James Matisoff (2001) provides lexical and phonological evidence for the classification of Zhangzhung within West Himalayish.
Widmer (2014:47) classifies the West Himalayish languages as follows. The recently discovered Dhuleli language has been added from Regmi & Prasain (2017).
Widmer (2014:53–56) classifies Zhangzhung within the Eastern branch of West Himalayish, and notes that it appears particularly close to languages of the Central subgroup (Bunan, Sunnami, and Rongpo).
Widmer (2017) notes that many Tibetan varieties in the western Tibetan Plateau have been influenced by West Himalayish languages.
Widmer (2017) lists the following lexical items that differ in the Eastern and Western branches of West Himalayish.
Language | ‘one’ | ‘hand’ | ‘cry’ | ‘black’ |
---|---|---|---|---|
Proto-Eastern West Himalayish |
*it | *gut | *krap- | *rok- |
Manchad | itsa | gùṛa | krap- | roki |
Kanashi | idh | guḍ | kərop- | roko |
Kinnauri (Southern) |
id | gŭd' | krap- | rŏkh |
Proto-Western West Himalayish |
*tik | *lak | *tjo- | *kʰaj/*wom |
Bunan | tiki | lak | tjo- | kʰaj |
Rongpo | tig | lag | tyõ- | kʰasyũ |
Byangsi | tigɛ | là | tye- | wamdɛ |
Widmer (2014:53-56) classifies Zhangzhung within the eastern branch of West Himalayish, and lists the following cognates between Zhangzhung and Proto-West Himalayish.
Gloss | Zhangzhung | Proto-West Himalayish |
---|---|---|
barley | zad | *zat |
blue | ting | *tiŋ- |
diminutive suffix | -tse | *-tse ~ *-tsi |
ear | ra tse | *re |
fat | tsʰas | *tsʰos |
girl | tsa med | *tsamet |
god | sad | *sat |
gold ? | zang | *zaŋ |
heart | she | *ɕe |
old (person) | shang ze | *ɕ(j)aŋ |
red | mang | *maŋ |
white | shi nom | *ɕi |