In this article we will delve into the fascinating world of Pyu language (Sino-Tibetan), exploring its multiple dimensions and its impact on everyday life. From its origin to its evolution over time, Pyu language (Sino-Tibetan) has been the object of interest and study in various disciplines. We will analyze its relevance in the current context, as well as the different perspectives that exist around this topic. Through a multidisciplinary approach, we will seek to shed light on little-known aspects of Pyu language (Sino-Tibetan), with the aim of offering a broad and enriching vision on this topic of general interest.
The Pyu language (Pyu: ; Burmese: ပျူ ဘာသာ, IPA:[pjùbàðà]; also Tircul language) is an extinct Sino-Tibetan language that was mainly spoken in what is now Myanmar in the first millennium CE. It was the vernacular of the Pyu city-states, which thrived between the second century BCE and the ninth century CE. Its usage declined starting in the late ninth century when the Bamar people of Nanzhao began to overtake the Pyu city-states. The language was still in use, at least in royal inscriptions of the Pagan Kingdom if not in popular vernacular, until the late twelfth century. It became extinct in the thirteenth century, completing the rise of the Burmese language, the language of the Pagan Kingdom, in Upper Burma, the former Pyu realm.
The language is principally known from inscriptions on four stone urns (7th and 8th centuries) found near the Payagyi pagoda (in the modern Bago Township) and the multi-lingual Myazedi inscription (early 12th century). These were first deciphered by Charles Otto Blagden in the early 1910s.
The Pyu script was a Brahmic script. The most recent scholarship suggests the Pyu script may have been the source of the Burmese script.
Classification
Blagden (1911: 382) was the first scholar to recognize Pyu as an independent branch of Sino-Tibetan.Miyake (2021, 2022) argues that Pyu forms a branch of its own within the Sino-Tibetan language phylum due to its divergent phonological and lexical characteristics. Pyu is not a particularly conservative Sino-Tibetan language, as it displays many phonological and lexical innovations as has lost much of the original Proto-Sino-Tibetan morphology. Miyake (2022) suggests that this may be due to a possible creoloid origin of Pyu.
Pyu was tentatively classified within the Lolo-Burmese languages by Matisoff and thought to most likely be Luish by Bradley, although Miyake later showed that neither of these hypotheses are plausible. Van Driem also tentatively classified Pyu as an independent branch of Sino-Tibetan.
The language was the vernacular of the Pyu states. But Sanskrit and Pali appeared to have co-existed alongside Pyu as the court language. The Chinese records state that the 35 musicians that accompanied the Pyu embassy to the Tang court in 800–802 played music and sang in the Fàn (梵 "Sanskrit") language.
^Miyake, Marc (2022-01-28). Alves, Mark; Sidwell, Paul (eds.). "The Prehistory of Pyu". Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society: Papers from the 30th Conference of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society (2021). 15 (3): 1–40. hdl:10524/52498. ISSN1836-6821.[verification needed]
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Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU001) held at the Archaeological Museum at Halin . Zenodo.
doi:10.5281/zenodo.579711
^Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU004) around a funerary urn held by the Śrī Kṣetra museum . Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.581381
^Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of the quadrilingual Pyu inscription (PYU007) kept in an inscription shed on the grounds of the Myazedi pagoda in Pagan . Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.579873
^Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of the quadrilingual Pyu inscription (PYU008) held at the Pagan museum, originally found in the grounds of the Myazedi pagoda . Zenodo.
doi:10.5281/10.5281/zenodo.580158
^Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU010) kept in one of two inscription sheds on the grounds of the Śrī Kṣetra museum . Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.580597
^Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a bilingual Pyu inscription (PYU011) held at the Pagan museum . Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.580282
^Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Sanskrit-Pyu bilingual inscription (PYU012) around the base of a Buddha statue held by the Śrī Kṣetra museum . Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.581383
^Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU022) held by the Śrī Kṣetra museum . Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.581468
^Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU025) on the base of a funerary urn held at the Śrī Kṣetra museum . Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.580777
^Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU028) kept in one of two inscription sheds on the grounds of the Śrī Kṣetra museum . Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.580791
^Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU029) kept in one of two inscription sheds on the grounds of the Śrī Kṣetra museum . Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.581217
^Miles, James, & Hill, Nathan W. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscriptions (PYU032) kept in an inscription shed on the grounds of a pagoda in Myittha . Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.579848
^Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU039) kept in an inscription shed on the grounds of a monastery in Myittha . Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.579725
^Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU042) kept in one of two inscription sheds on the grounds of the Śrī Kṣetra museum .
. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.581251
^Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU055) held by the Śrī Kṣetra museum . Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.806133
^Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU056) held by the Śrī Kṣetra museum . Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.806148
^Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU057) held by the Śrī Kṣetra museum . Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.806163
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Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscriptions (PYU060) kept in the inscription shed outside the Archaeological Museum at Halin . Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.579695
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Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscriptions (PYU061) held at the Archaeological Museum at Halin . Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.579710
^Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU063) held at the National Museum (Burmese: အမျိုးသား ပြတိုက်) in Rangoon . Zenodo. http://doi.org/doi:10.5281/zenodo.806174
^Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription on a gold ring (PYU105) held by the Śrī Kṣetra museum . Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.806168
^Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU160) discovered in Śrī Kṣetra . Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.823725
^Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU163) . Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.825673
^Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU164) . Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.825685
^Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU167) . Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.823753
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