2C-H
In today's world, 2C-H is a topic that has gained great relevance in different areas of society. From politics and economics, to culture and interpersonal relationships, 2C-H has become a crucial element that sets the tone for many decisions and actions. Over time, it has become a point of interest for academics, specialists and the general public, generating debates, discussions and in-depth analyzes that seek to understand its impact and scope. In this sense, it is essential to address in a comprehensive and detailed manner everything that 2C-H encompasses, in order to achieve a clearer and more complete vision of its influence on current society.
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| Other names | 2,5-Dimethoxyphenethylamine; 2,5-DMPEA; DMPEA-4; NCS-168525; 2C-DOH |
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| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Onset of action | Unknown[1] |
| Duration of action | Unknown[1] |
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| ECHA InfoCard | 100.153.556 |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C10H15NO2 |
| Molar mass | 181.235 g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) | |
| Melting point | 138 to 139 °C (280 to 282 °F) (hydrochloride) |
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2C-H, also known as 2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2,5-DMPEA) or as DMPEA-4, is a chemical compound of the phenethylamine and 2C families.[1] It is the parent compound of the 2C drugs, which are also known as 4-substituted 2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamines.[1]
Use and effects
There is no record of 2C-H trials in humans, as it would likely be destroyed by monoamine oxidase enzymes before causing any significant psychoactive effects.[1] In his book PiHKAL (Phenethylamines I Have Known and Loved), Alexander Shulgin lists both the dose and duration of 2C-H effects as unknown.[1]
Pharmacology
Pharmacodynamics
| Target | Affinity (Ki, nM) |
|---|---|
| 5-HT1A | 70 |
| 5-HT1B | ND |
| 5-HT1D | ND |
| 5-HT1E | ND |
| 5-HT1F | ND |
| 5-HT2A | 1,600–3,000 (Ki) 2,408–>10,000 (EC50) 17,800 (IC50) 0–78% (Emax) |
| 5-HT2B | 6,200 (EC50) 46% (Emax) |
| 5-HT2C | 4,100–5,520 (Ki) 1,175–3,967 (EC50) 76% (Emax) |
| 5-HT3 | ND |
| 5-HT4 | ND |
| 5-HT5A | ND |
| 5-HT6 | ND |
| 5-HT7 | ND |
| α1A | 7,900 (Ki) 11,000 (EC50) |
| α1B, α1D | ND |
| α2A | 1,000 |
| α2B, α2C | ND |
| β1–β3 | ND |
| D1 | >14,000 |
| D2 | 9,000 |
| D3 | >17,000 |
| D4, D5 | ND |
| H1 | >25,000 |
| TAAR1 | 11,000 (Ki) (mouse) 900 (Ki) (rat) 7,500 (EC50) (mouse) 1,500 (EC50) (rat) 2,010–6,500 (EC50) (human) 56% (Emax) (mouse) 80% (Emax) (rat) 53–69% (Emax) (human) |
| SERT | >30,000 (Ki) 311,000 (IC50) ND (EC50) |
| NET | >30,000 (Ki) 125,000 (IC50) ND (EC50) |
| DAT | >30,000 (Ki) 857,000 (IC50) ND (EC50) |
| MAO-A | ND (IC50) |
| MAO-B | 1,700 (IC50) |
| Notes: The smaller the value, the more avidly the drug binds to the site. All proteins are human unless otherwise specified. Refs: [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] | |
2C-H acts as a partial agonist of the serotonin 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, and 5-HT2C receptors, albeit with far lower potency than other 2C drugs.[4][6][8][9] It also shows affinity for the serotonin 5-HT1A receptor, higher than that of any other 2C drug.[4] The drug exhibits agonist activity in vitro at the human trace amine associated receptor 1 (TAAR1).[15]
2C-H produces visual and auditory changes in rodents, but is much less potent than other 2C drugs.[16] It also produces hypolocomotion at high doses similarly to other psychedelics, but failed to affect prepulse inhibition in contrast to other psychedelics.[16] The drug shows highly potent and fully efficacious anti-inflammatory effects.[17][18][9]
Chemistry
Synthesis
The chemical synthesis of 2C-H has been described.[1][19] It is used as a precursor in the synthesis of other phenethylamines such as 2C-B, 2C-I, and 2C-N.[1]
Analogues and derivatives
2C-H (2,5-DMPEA) is one of several possible positional isomers of dimethoxyphenethylamine (DMPEA).[19]
2C-H is the parent compound of the 2C series of psychedelic drugs, also known as 4-substituted 2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamines.[1][19] These drugs include 2C-B, 2C-C, 2C-D, 2C-E, and 2C-I, among others.[1][19]
The N-methyl derivative of 2C-H, N-methyl-2C-H, has reduced activational potency and efficacy at the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor compared to 2C-H.[6]
History
2C-H was first synthesized in 1932 by Johannes S. Buck.[20]
Society and culture
Legal status
Canada
As of October 31, 2016; 2C-H is a controlled substance (Schedule III) in Canada.[21]
United States
As of July 9, 2012, 2C-H is a Schedule I controlled substance in the United States, under the Synthetic Drug Abuse Prevention Act of 2012.[22] 2C-H's DEA Drug Code is 7517.
See also
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Shulgin A, Shulgin A (September 1991). PiHKAL: A Chemical Love Story. Berkeley, California: Transform Press. ISBN 0-9630096-0-5. OCLC 25627628. 2C-H Entry in PiHKAL
- ^ "Kᵢ Database". PDSP. 16 March 2025. Retrieved 16 March 2025.
- ^ Liu T. "BindingDB BDBM50026778 2-(2,5-Dimethoxy-phenyl)-ethylamine::2-(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethylamine::CHEMBL287047". BindingDB. Retrieved 16 March 2025.
- ^ a b c Rickli A, Luethi D, Reinisch J, Buchy D, Hoener MC, Liechti ME (December 2015). "Receptor interaction profiles of novel N-2-methoxybenzyl (NBOMe) derivatives of 2,5-dimethoxy-substituted phenethylamines (2C drugs)" (PDF). Neuropharmacology. 99: 546–553. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.08.034. PMID 26318099.
- ^ Rudin D, Luethi D, Hoener MC, Liechti ME (2022). "Structure-activity Relation of Halogenated 2,5-Dimethoxyamphetamines Compared to their α‑Desmethyl (2C) Analogues". The FASEB Journal. 36 (S1) fasebj.2022.36.S1.R2121. doi:10.1096/fasebj.2022.36.S1.R2121. ISSN 0892-6638.
- ^ a b c Pottie E, Cannaert A, Stove CP (October 2020). "In vitro structure-activity relationship determination of 30 psychedelic new psychoactive substances by means of β-arrestin 2 recruitment to the serotonin 2A receptor". Archives of Toxicology. 94 (10): 3449–3460. Bibcode:2020ArTox..94.3449P. doi:10.1007/s00204-020-02836-w. hdl:1854/LU-8687071. PMID 32627074.
- ^ Villalobos CA, Bull P, Sáez P, Cassels BK, Huidobro-Toro JP (April 2004). "4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-B) and structurally related phenylethylamines are potent 5-HT2A receptor antagonists in Xenopus laevis oocytes". British Journal of Pharmacology. 141 (7): 1167–1174. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705722. PMC 1574890. PMID 15006903.
- ^ a b Moya PR, Berg KA, Gutiérrez-Hernandez MA, Sáez-Briones P, Reyes-Parada M, Cassels BK, et al. (June 2007). "Functional selectivity of hallucinogenic phenethylamine and phenylisopropylamine derivatives at human 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)2A and 5-HT2C receptors". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 321 (3): 1054–1061. doi:10.1124/jpet.106.117507. PMID 17337633.
- ^ a b c Flanagan TW, Billac GB, Landry AN, Sebastian MN, Cormier SA, Nichols CD (April 2021). "Structure-Activity Relationship Analysis of Psychedelics in a Rat Model of Asthma Reveals the Anti-Inflammatory Pharmacophore". ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science. 4 (2): 488–502. doi:10.1021/acsptsci.0c00063. PMC 8033619. PMID 33860179.
- ^ Dowd CS, Herrick-Davis K, Egan C, DuPre A, Smith C, Teitler M, et al. (August 2000). "1-[4-(3-Phenylalkyl)phenyl]-2-aminopropanes as 5-HT(2A) partial agonists". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 43 (16): 3074–3084. doi:10.1021/jm9906062. PMID 10956215.
- ^ DeMarinis RM, Bryan WM, Shah DH, Hieble JP, Pendleton RG (December 1981). "Alpha-adrenergic agents. 1. Direct-acting alpha 1 agonists related to methoxamine". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 24 (12): 1432–1437. doi:10.1021/jm00144a012. PMID 6118438.
- ^ Wagmann L, Brandt SD, Stratford A, Maurer HH, Meyer MR (February 2019). "Interactions of phenethylamine-derived psychoactive substances of the 2C-series with human monoamine oxidases". Drug Testing and Analysis. 11 (2): 318–324. doi:10.1002/dta.2494. PMID 30188017.
- ^ Simmler LD, Buchy D, Chaboz S, Hoener MC, Liechti ME (April 2016). "In Vitro Characterization of Psychoactive Substances at Rat, Mouse, and Human Trace Amine-Associated Receptor 1" (PDF). The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 357 (1): 134–144. doi:10.1124/jpet.115.229765. PMID 26791601. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2025-05-09.
- ^ Lewin AH, Navarro HA, Mascarella SW (August 2008). "Structure-activity correlations for beta-phenethylamines at human trace amine receptor 1". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry. 16 (15): 7415–7423. doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2008.06.009. PMC 2601700. PMID 18602830.
- ^ ""PubChem"".
- ^ a b Tirri M, Bilel S, Arfè R, Corli G, Marchetti B, Bernardi T, et al. (2022). "Effect of -NBOMe Compounds on Sensorimotor, Motor, and Prepulse Inhibition Responses in Mice in Comparison With the 2C Analogs and Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: From Preclinical Evidence to Forensic Implication in Driving Under the Influence of Drugs". Frontiers in Psychiatry. 13 875722. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.875722. PMC 9069068. PMID 35530025.
- ^ Nichols CD (November 2022). "Psychedelics as potent anti-inflammatory therapeutics". Neuropharmacology. 219 109232. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109232. PMID 36007854.
- ^ Flanagan TW, Nichols CD (2022). "Psychedelics and Anti-inflammatory Activity in Animal Models". Disruptive Psychopharmacology. Curr Top Behav Neurosci. Vol. 56. pp. 229–245. doi:10.1007/7854_2022_367. ISBN 978-3-031-12183-8. PMID 35546383.
- ^ a b c d Shulgin A, Manning T, Daley P (2011). The Shulgin Index, Volume One: Psychedelic Phenethylamines and Related Compounds. Vol. 1. Berkeley: Transform Press. ISBN 978-0-9630096-3-0.
- ^ Buck JS (1932). "Hydroxy- and Dihydroxyphenylethylmethylamines and their Ether". Journal of the Chemical Society. 54 (9): 3661–3665. doi:10.1021/ja01348a024.
- ^ "Canada Gazette – Regulations Amending the Food and Drug Regulations (Part J — 2C-phenethylamines)". 4 May 2016.
- ^ "Rules - 2013 - Establishment of Drug Codes for 26 Substances (SDAPA)". U.S. Department of Justice. Archived from the original on 22 March 2015. Retrieved 22 July 2012.