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Brain-specific homeobox

In this article, we will explore the impact of Brain-specific homeobox in various areas of contemporary society. Brain-specific homeobox has been the subject of study and controversy for decades, and its influence ranges from popular culture to world politics. Through the analysis of Brain-specific homeobox, we will be able to better understand how it has shaped the way we live, think, and relate to the world around us. From its origins to its future projection, Brain-specific homeobox continues to be a topic of debate and reflection, and this article aims to examine the different perspectives that exist around this phenomenon.

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Brain-specific homeobox is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BSX gene.[1]

Structure and expression pattern

Bsx is an evolutionarily highly-conserved homeodomain-containing transcription factor that belongs to the ANTP-class.[2] In mouse it has been shown to be expressed in the telencephalic septum, pineal gland, the mammillary bodies and arcuate nucleus.[3]

Function in the hypothalamus

In the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus, Bsx has been demonstrated to be necessary for normal expression levels of the two orexigenic neuropeptides Agouti-related peptide and Neuropeptide Y.[4]

Function in the pineal gland

In the pineal gland of the clawed frog Xenopus, Bsx is expressed following the circadian rhythm and controls photoreceptor cell differentiation.[5] In zebrafish Bsx is required for normal development of all cell types within the pineal gland, including melatonin-releasing pinealocytes, photoreceptor cells and leftwards migrating parapineal cells,[6] which in zebrafish are crucial for the establishment of brain asymmetry.[7]

References

  1. ^ "Entrez Gene: BSX brain-specific homeobox".
  2. ^ Ferrier, David E. K. (14 April 2016). "Evolution of Homeobox Gene Clusters in Animals: The Giga-Cluster and Primary vs. Secondary Clustering". Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 4: 36. Bibcode:2016FrEEv...4...36F. doi:10.3389/fevo.2016.00036. hdl:10023/8685.
  3. ^ Cremona, M; Colombo, E; Andreazzoli, M; Cossu, G; Broccoli, V (January 2004). "Bsx, an evolutionary conserved Brain Specific homeoboX gene expressed in the septum, epiphysis, mammillary bodies and arcuate nucleus". Gene Expression Patterns. 4 (1): 47–51. doi:10.1016/S1567-133X(03)00151-0. PMID 14678827.
  4. ^ Sakkou, M; Wiedmer, P; Anlag, K; Hamm, A; Seuntjens, E; Ettwiller, L; Tschöp, MH; Treier, M (June 2007). "A role for brain-specific homeobox factor Bsx in the control of hyperphagia and locomotory behavior". Cell Metabolism. 5 (6): 450–63. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2007.05.007. PMID 17550780.
  5. ^ D'Autilia, S.; Broccoli, V.; Barsacchi, G.; Andreazzoli, M. (22 March 2010). "Xenopus Bsx links daily cell cycle rhythms and pineal photoreceptor fate". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107 (14): 6352–6357. Bibcode:2010PNAS..107.6352D. doi:10.1073/pnas.1000854107. PMC 2852004. PMID 20308548.
  6. ^ Schredelseker, Theresa; Driever, Wolfgang (1 July 2018). "Bsx controls pineal complex development". Development. 145 (13): dev163477. doi:10.1242/dev.163477 (inactive 13 November 2025). PMID 29945867.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2025 (link)
  7. ^ Duboc, Véronique; Dufourcq, Pascale; Blader, Patrick; Roussigné, Myriam (23 November 2015). "Asymmetry of the Brain: Development and Implications". Annual Review of Genetics. 49 (1): 647–672. doi:10.1146/annurev-genet-112414-055322. PMID 26442849.
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