Muda language

In this article the topic of Muda language will be addressed from a broad and enriching perspective. The relevance of Muda language in different contexts will be analyzed, as well as its impact on current society. Throughout the text, different approaches and points of view on Muda language will be explored, with the aim of providing a comprehensive and enriching vision on this topic. In addition, relevant data and illustrative examples will be presented that will allow the reader to gain greater knowledge and understanding about Muda language.

Muda
Native toChina
Native speakers
2,000 (2007)
Language codes
ISO 639-3ymd
Glottologmuda1235
ELPMuda
Muda is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger

Muda (木达 or 母打) is a Loloish language of China.

There are over 2,000 Muda speakers in Nanlianshan Village Community 南联山村委会 (formerly Nanlianshan District, 南联山乡, now part of Gasa Township 嘎洒镇), Jinghong City, Yunnan, China (Xu 1991).

Classification

Xu (1991) classifies Muda as a Ha-Ya language (see Hani languages).

Hsiu (2018) classifies Muda as an Akha language containing a Bisoid substratum, with the substrate language being an early split from Bisoid. Muda has Cl- consonant clusters like various Bisoid languages, Siloid languages, and Jinuo, while words of Bisoid origin include 'leg', 'house', and 'smoke'.

Phonology

Muda has the complex consonant onsets /pl, pʰl, bl, ml, pj, pʰj, bj, mj/ (Xu 1991:34).

Vocabulary

The following vocabulary of Muda is from Xu (1991).

English gloss Chinese gloss Muda Page
White 白 pʰlu⁵⁵ 35
Full 满 blaŋ³³ 35
Pus 脓 ()blaŋ⁵⁵ 36
Arrow 箭 ()mla³¹ 36
Broom 扫帚 ()pʰjɔ⁵⁵ 36
Bee 蜜蜂 bja³¹ 36
Lose, to 遗失 ()bjo̱³³ 36
Fly, to 飞 jɔ³³ 36
Monkey 猴子 ()mjo̱³¹ 36
Many 多 mja³¹ 36
Foot 脚 kʰɯ⁵⁵ 37
Six 六 ko̱³¹ 37
Gallbladder 胆 ()kʰɯ⁵⁵ 37
Star 星星 ()gɯ⁵⁵ 37
Copper 铜 gɯ³¹ 37
Tendon 筋 ()gu³¹ 37
Manure 粪 cçʰe³¹ 38
Root (classifier) 根（量词） cçʰaŋ³¹ 38
Wide 宽 ()ɟje⁵⁵ 38
Drop, to 掉 ɟja³³ 38
Day (time) 天（日子） naŋ³³ 38
Soft 软 nø̱³¹ 38
Cook, to 煮 tɕa̱³¹ 38
Sour 酸 tɕʰɛ⁵⁵ 38
Narrow 窄 tɕu̱³¹ 38
Lick, to 舔 tɕʰy⁵⁵ 38
Stick (classifier) 条 tɕa̱³³ 38
Cry, weep 哭 ɴo⁵⁵ 39
Steal, to 偷 qʰø³¹ 39
Bitter 苦 qʰa³¹ 39
Smoke (fog) 烟（雾） ()qʰø³¹ 39
Nine 九 ɢø³¹ 39
Curved 弯 ɢaŋ³¹ 39
Play, to 玩耍 ()ɢa³³ 39
Enter, to 进 aŋ⁵⁵ 40
Horse 马 maŋ³¹ 40
Open (door) 开（门） pʰaŋ³³ 40
Sell, to 卖 aŋ³¹ 40
Throat 喉咙 kʰaŋ³¹() 40
Dark 暗 jaŋ⁵⁵ 40
Pus 脓 ()blaŋ⁵⁵ 40
Full 满 blaŋ³³ 40
Money 钱 ()kʰaŋ⁵⁵ 40
Bear 狗熊 ()xum⁵⁵ 40
Otter 水獭 ()ɕum⁵⁵ 40
Iron 铁 ɕʰum⁵⁵ 41
Pile (of soil) 堆（土） blum⁵⁵ 41
House 房屋 ʑum⁵⁵ 41
Roast, to 烤 lum⁵⁵ 41
Round 圆 laŋ³³ 41
Surround, to 包围 ()laŋ⁵⁵ 41
Pond 池塘 laŋ³³() 41
Axe 斧子 ()dzɿ³³ 41
Woman 女人 ()mi³¹ 41
Louse 虱子 ɕɛ⁵⁵() 41
Goose 鹅 gɛ̱³³() 41
Push, to 推 dɛ³¹ 41
Edge 边上 ()dzɛ⁵⁵() 41
Eagle 老鹰 ()dzɛ⁵⁵ 41
Saddle 鞍子 ()qɔ̱³³ 41
Shallow 浅 tɛ̱³³ 41
Change, to 改 pʰa³³ 41
Winnow (rice), to 簸（米） ja⁵⁵ 41
See, to 看见 ()mɔ⁵⁵ 41
Mosquito 蚊子 ()gɔ³¹ 41
Change, to 变 pʰa⁵⁵ 41
Stick (classifier) 条 tɕa̱³³ 41
Leg 腿 bɔ⁵⁵() 41
Store, to 铺 qʰɔ³¹ 41

References

  1. ^ Muda at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ 景洪市嘎洒镇南联山村委会
  3. ^ Xu Shixuan (1991). 缅彝语几种音类的演变. Minzu Yuwen.
  4. ^ Hsiu, Andrew. 2018. Classifications of some lesser-known Lolo-Burmese languages.
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