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Younuo language

Today, we enter the exciting world of Younuo language, a topic that has captured the attention of millions of people around the world. Since its inception, Younuo language has been the subject of study, debate and interest, and its impact on society remains relevant today. In this article, we will explore the many facets of Younuo language, from its history to its implications in everyday life. Through deep and thoughtful analysis, we will seek to better understand what Younuo language means and why it is so significant today. Get ready to immerse yourself in a fascinating journey into the heart of Younuo language!

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Younuo
Yuno
ʑou13 nɔ13
Native toChina
RegionLongsheng Various Nationalities Autonomous County, Guangxi, China
Native speakers
(9,700 cited 1995)[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3buh
Glottologyoun1235
ELPYounuo Bunu

Younuo (also spelled Yuno, Chinese: 优诺语 yōunuò; autonym: ʑou13 nɔ13) is a divergent Hmongic language spoken in Longsheng Various Nationalities Autonomous County, Guangxi, China. Mao (2007:129) reports a total of approximately 4,000 speakers.

Classification

The classification of Younuo within Hmongic is uncertain, although it may be more closely related to Pa-Hng or She. According to Mao (2007), Younuo is most closely related to Pa-Hng, and forms a branch with it. However, Hsiu's (2015, 2018)[2][3] computational phylogenetic study classifies Younuo as more closely related to She, Jiongnai, and Pana. Li (2018) also treats Younuo as closely related to She, Jiongnai, and Pana.[4]

Demographics

Like Pa-Hng speakers, the Younuo are also called "Red Yao" 红瑶, which can refer to various Yao groups speaking different languages. Younuo speakers are also called Shanhua Red Yao 山话红瑶, and number about 4,600 people. Their neighbors, the Pinghua Red Yao 平话红瑶, speak a Pinghua dialect related to the Chinese varieties of Guibei Pinghua 桂北平话 and Shaozhou Tuhua, and number just over 10,000 people (Mao 2007).

Distribution

Younuo is spoken in Heping township (和平乡), Longsheng Various Nationalities Autonomous County, Guangxi, China, in the villages of Liutian 柳田 (including Xiaozhai 小寨), Jinjiang 金江, Xinlu 新禄, Jinkeng 金坑 (including Huangluo 黄落), and a few others (Mao 2007:129). The Red Yao of Longsheng County are also distributed in Sishui 泗水, Madi 马堤, and Jiangdi 江底 townships.

Phonology

The tables below present the vowels [5] and consonant phonemes [6] of Younuo as spoken in Xiaozhai (小寨).

Vowels

Front Central Back
Close i u
Mid e ə o
Open a ɔ

Diphthongs

Younuo has relatively few diphthongs. These are: ei, ai, au, ui, iu, and ou. In addition to vowels and diphthongs, other possible syllable codas are n and ŋ.

Consonants

Bilabial Alveolar Alveolo-palatal Dorsal Glottal
Central Lateral Palatal Velar
Stops Voiceless p t k
Aspirated pʰ tʰ kʰ
Palatalized Asp. pʰʲ tʰʲ kʰʲ
Palatalized pʲ tʲ kʲ
Fricatives Voiceless f s ɕ h
Palatalized fʲ
Labialized hʷ
Voiced v
Palatalized vʲ
Affricates Voiceless t͡s t͡ɕ
Aspirated t͡sʰ t͡ɕʰ
Palatalized Asp. t͡sʲʰ
Palatalized t͡sʲ
Liquids Voiced l
Palatalized lʲ
Voiceless l̥
Palatalized l̥ʲ
Nasals Voiced m n ȵ ŋ
Palatalized mʲ
Voiceless ŋ̊

Tones

Younuo is a tonal language with eight tones.[7]

Tone Pitch Value Example[8] Translation
1 33 ŋ̊33 water
2 13 ŋɔ13 sky
3 22 tshɔ22 ashes
4 22 — —
5 35 l̥in33tai35 star
6 31 noŋ31 bird
7 53 lin13khuŋ53 terraced field
8 31 — —

References

  1. ^ Younuo at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ Hsiu, Andrew. 2015. The classification of Na Meo, a Hmong-Mien language of Vietnam. Paper presented at SEALS 25, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
  3. ^ Hsiu, Andrew. 2018. Preliminary classification of Hmongic languages Archived 2020-10-23 at the Wayback Machine. East Asian Language Phyla Project (EALPP).
  4. ^ Li, Yunbing 李云兵 (2018). Miao Yaoyu bijiao yanjiu 苗瑶语比较研究 (A comparative study of Hmong-Mien languages). Beijing: The Commercial Press 商务印书馆. ISBN 9787100165068. OCLC 1112270585.
  5. ^ Mao and Li 2007, p. 17.
  6. ^ Mao and Li 2007, pp. 14–15.
  7. ^ Mao and Li 2007, p. 18.
  8. ^ Examples from Mao and Li, pp. 234–235.
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