Proto-Aslian language

In this article, we are going to delve deeper into the topic of Proto-Aslian language and explore all its facets. From its origin to its impact on today's society, Proto-Aslian language has been the subject of debate and study in various disciplines. Throughout history, Proto-Aslian language has played a crucial role in people's lives, influencing the way they think, act and relate to their environment. Through this article, we will look at the different perspectives on Proto-Aslian language and examine how it has evolved over time. In addition, we will explore its relevance today and its projection into the future. Get ready to enter the exciting world of Proto-Aslian language and discover everything this theme has to offer.

Proto-Aslian
Reconstruction ofAslian languages
Reconstructed
ancestor

Proto-Aslian is the reconstructed proto-language of the Aslian languages of Peninsular Malaysia and southern Thailand. It has been reconstructed by Timothy Phillips (2012).

Reconstructed forms

The 289 reconstructed Proto-Aslian forms below are from Phillips (2012:259-262).

  • *teew 'water, river'
  • *bɨŋ 'spider'
  • *arɯɯɲ 'termite'
  • *liik 'to swallow'
  • *rɛɛs 'liver'
  • *lɯɯʔ 'pig'
  • *soom 'nest'
  • *bit 'to close (eyes)'
  • *uay 'one'
  • *tam 'to plant'
  • *uəc 'to whistle'
  • *paay 'new'
  • *tam 'right (side)'
  • *pɯɯs 'to sweep'
  • *tiɛʔ 'earth'
  • *cɛɛn 'cooked'
  • *{(–)l–} '(iterative)'
  • *{(-)m-} '(nominalizer agentive)'
  • *{(-)n-} '(nominalizer)'
  • *{pər-} '(causative)'
  • *{–ra–} '(plural/comparative)'
  • *baay 'to dig'
  • *bakaʔ 'descendant'
  • *baliiŋ 'sky'
  • *baʔ 'to carry on back'
  • *bəhɔ(ɔ)l 'deer'
  • *bəhiiʔ 'sated (of food)'
  • *bək 'to tie'
  • *bəkaaw 'flower'
  • *bəkah 'to break'
  • *bəlaaw 'blowgun'
  • *bəliiŋ 'arm'
  • *bəlooʔ 'thigh'
  • *bənɨ(ɨ)m 'mountain'
  • *bərɔl 'dart butt'
  • *bəriʔ 'forest'
  • *bətees 'mushroom'
  • *bəyk 'white'
  • *bəʔaak 'flood'
  • *bəʔet 'good'
  • *bɨt 'hot'
  • *bɯɯl 'drunk'
  • *bɯɯʔ 'to suck'
  • *boh 'to put/place'
  • *bus 'cane'
  • *buyaaʔ 'alligator'
  • *ca(a)l 'to say'
  • *caaʔ 'to eat'
  • *cah 'cah'
  • *cap 'to catch'
  • *cɔk 'to stab'
  • *cɛ(ɛ)s 'to tear'
  • *cɛ(ɛ)ʔ 'louse'
  • *cə(n)ruas 'fingernail'
  • *cədaaw 'rainbow'
  • *cədək 'to hiccup'
  • *cɛɛm 'bird'
  • *cɛɛn 'to cook'
  • *cəgɛh 'hard'
  • *cəkʔiɛk 'gecko'
  • *cəloon 'back'
  • *cəma(a)ʔ 'sharp'
  • *cəntɯɯgŋ 'drum'
  • *cəŋcɛ̃ɛ̃ŋ 'eyebrow'
  • *cərəs 'rib'
  • *cəruuʔ 'winnow basket'
  • *ciip 'to walk'
  • *cɨl 'tattoo'
  • *coom 'to burn'
  • *cuam 'to dig'
  • *cuəh 'to defecate'
  • *cuəʔ 'dog'
  • *daŋ 'to see'
  • *dɔŋ 't.o. monkey'
  • *deh 'they (3P)'
  • *dəka(a)n 'bamboo rat'
  • *dəlũũʔ 'to push'
  • *dɯɯŋ 'house'
  • *duuy 'afternoon'
  • *gaal 'waist'
  • *gaɲ 'to bite'
  • *gɔl 'to carry on back'
  • *gəcɛɛʔ 'moon'
  • *gəhɛɛt 'sweet'
  • *gəlisɛɛh 'to whisper'
  • *gəluk 'to laugh'
  • *gəriɛŋ 'monitor lizard'
  • *gətɔh 'to spit'
  • *gɨn 'they (3P)'
  • *gɯɯm 'to winnow'
  • *gulam 'to carry on shoulder'
  • *guul 'mortar'
  • *hã(ã)n 'where'
  • *haar 'we two (1D.IN)'
  • *halap 'to raft'
  • *hawa(a)r 'mucus'
  • *heeʔ 'you (2S)'
  • *hə̃m 'to breathe'
  • *hiiʔ 'we (1P.IN)'
  • *hiŋkaaʔ 'to play'
  • *ɟaam / *ʔiɟaam 'to cry'
  • *ɟak 'to step on'
  • *ɟaŋka(a)ʔ 'chin/jaw'
  • *ɟarlaaʔ 'thorn'
  • *ɟɔ̃ɔ̃t 'to suck'
  • *ɟeeʔ 'we (1P.EX)'
  • *ɟəhuuʔ 'tree'
  • *ɟəl 'to bark'
  • *ɟəʔaaŋ 'bone'
  • *ɟɨk 'to breathe'
  • *ɟɯɯk 'to move'
  • *ɟuŋ 'foot/leg'
  • *kniɛʔ 'mouse'
  • *kʔiɛp 'centipede'
  • *kaac 'to scratch'
  • *kaaʔ 'fish'
  • *kamiɛk 'to carry under arm'
  • *kaɲɔŋ 'elbow'
  • *kanɛ(ɛ)t 'small'
  • *kap 'to bite'
  • *karɛɛy 'thunder'
  • *karəŋ 'tree trunk'
  • *kawããp 'bear'
  • *kayoot 'pregnant'
  • *kɔɔɲ 'male'
  • *ke 'he/she (3S)'
  • *ke(e)ŋ 'to pull'
  • *kə(n)siir 'husband'
  • *kəbəc 'to fish'
  • *kəbɛɛc 'to spit'
  • *kəbɨɨʔ 'fruit'
  • *kəbɨs 'to die'
  • *kəboʔ 'mosquito'
  • *kədɛk 'bitter'
  • *kɛɛʔ 'to seek'
  • *kəhuəy 'to gape'
  • *kəl 'to fall'
  • *kəlaaŋ 'eagle'
  • *kəlapuəh 'shoulder'
  • *kəlɨɨt 'firefly'
  • *kəluəŋ 'inside'
  • *kəm 'to obtain'
  • *kəmbaar 'twin'
  • *kəmeet 'mosquito'
  • *kəmooc 'ghost'
  • *kəmuar 'worm, caterpillar'
  • *kəmuən 'nephew'
  • *kəɲaaŋ 'quick'
  • *kəndah 'wife'
  • *kəpiil 'turtle'
  • *kərɔʔ 'back'
  • *kərɟɛr 'to dance'
  • *kəroom 'under'
  • *kərual 'knee'
  • *kəteŋ 'calf (leg)'
  • *kətɯɯʔ 'skin, bark'
  • *kəyɔŋ 'to hear'
  • *kiɛt 'anus'
  • *kipaaŋ 'top'
  • *kɯɯʔ 'to vomit'
  • *kooɲ 'male'
  • *krkbaak 'butterfly'
  • *kuəm 'to hold, grasp'
  • *kuən 'child'
  • *kuuy 'head'
  • *lakuəm 'brain'
  • *las 'ant'
  • *lɛc 'wrong/miss'
  • *ləda(a)ʔ 'armpit'
  • *leew 'bamboo'
  • *ləhiɛŋ 'saliva'
  • *lək 'quiver'
  • *ləmooɲ 'tooth'
  • *ləɲsiɲ 'gums'
  • *ləntaak 'tongue'
  • *ləŋɛ(ɛ)ʔ 'neck'
  • *ləsəm 'rain'
  • *ləwɛɛy 'bee'
  • *liɛp 'to plait (leaves)'
  • *m(??)h 'you (2S)'
  • *mahaam 'blood'
  • *man 'to play'
  • *mat 'eye'
  • *mɔɔh 'nose'
  • *məriɛm 'how many?'
  • *miɛŋ 'cheek'
  • *mro(o)ɲ 'louse'
  • *muuh 'to bathe'
  • *napak 'boar'
  • *nɔɔm 'to urinate'
  • *nɛŋ 'before'
  • *niis 'mat'
  • *nooŋ 'road'
  • *ɲooʔ 'to suck'
  • *padaw 'bee'
  • *pak 'to chop'
  • *paraaʔ 'shelf'
  • *pareeʔ 'monitor lizard'
  • *pəhɨɨm 'to break wind'
  • *pəlɛ(ɛ)ʔ 'astonished'
  • *pəleek 'bat'
  • *pəlɛɛʔ 'fruit'
  • *pələm 'leech'
  • *pəluaŋ 'roof'
  • *pənlɯɯŋ 'egg'
  • *pərəc 'wing'
  • *pəʔaas 'turtle'
  • *pɨɨt 'to extinguish'
  • *pɨt 'to blow'
  • *puk 'chicken'
  • *rəmpiɛt 'to thresh'
  • *rəwaay 'soul'
  • *riɛt 'to wring'
  • *rudɔŋ 'friend'
  • *ruəp 'friend'
  • *ruəy 'fly'
  • *ruuy 'to sow'
  • *rʔiɛs / ʔriɛs 'root'
  • *sa(a)r 'to descend'
  • *sɔɔk 'hair, feather'
  • *sɛ(ɛ)ɲ 'end'
  • *sətaaʔ 'tail'
  • *sɛc 'flesh'
  • *sɛɛh 'to pound'
  • *sɛɛl 'shy'
  • *səgu(u)ʔ 'to ask, request'
  • *səlaay 'field'
  • *səlaaʔ 'leaf'
  • *səlɨʔdeʔ 'cockroach'
  • *səluuh 'to blowpipe'
  • *səmaaɲ 'to ask'
  • *səmaaʔ 'human being'
  • *səŋɛc 'cold'
  • *səŋəp 'darkness'
  • *siɛc 'to steal'
  • *siɛm 'to forget'
  • *sisɛʔ 'to dance'
  • *siyãʔ 'house'
  • *sɯɯc 'to sting'
  • *suək 'navel'
  • *suəm 'marrow'
  • *suuc 'to wash'
  • *suup 'lung'
  • *taaɲ 'to plait, weave'
  • *tabooʔ 'thumb'
  • *taɟaak 'to carry in hand'
  • *taɟuuʔ 'snake'
  • *talun 'python'
  • *tawɔɔh 't.o. gibbon'
  • *tawiiŋ 'spider'
  • *tɔɔt 'to burn'
  • *təbiŋ 'full'
  • *təhop 'turtle'
  • *təhuəl 'to blow'
  • *təkɔɔʔ 'pus'
  • *təmɔʔ 'stone'
  • *təmkal 'male'
  • *təniit 'lip'
  • *təŋ(k)əm 'molar'
  • *tiɛk 'to sleep'
  • *tiɛl 'footprint'
  • *tiil 'to dry'
  • *tool 'to carry on head'
  • *tuəs 'to pull out'
  • *wɔɔk 'to wake up'
  • *we(e)n 'to throw out'
  • *weeh 'they two (3D)'
  • *weel 'again'
  • *wɛ̃ɛ̃n 'to squeeze'
  • *wiɛl 'left (side)'
  • *yɛɛʔ 'I (1S)'
  • *ʔaap 'tiger'
  • *ʔaat 'stick/spear'
  • *ʔas 'to swell'
  • *ʔawak 'ladle'
  • *ʔɔ̃ɔ̃ɲ 'to smell'
  • *ʔɔɔs 'fire'
  • *ʔəʔaak 'crow'
  • *ʔɛc 'belly, excrement'
  • *ʔəmpuaʔ 'to dream'
  • *ʔəndɯɯm 'ripe'
  • *ʔəɲiiʔ 'before'
  • *ʔəntaŋ 'ear'
  • *ʔəntap 'testicle'
  • *ʔiiɲ 'I (1S)'
  • *ʔoo 'wasp'
  • *ʔoor 'to command'
  • *ʔuək 'to give'
  • *ʔuuy 'to do'

Lexical innovations

Selected Aslian lexical innovations as identified by Paul Sidwell (2021):

Gloss Proto-Aslian Kensiu Jahai Semnam Semelai
‘bitter’ *kədɛk kadek kadɛk kdɛk kədɛc
‘marrow’ *suəm – suwəp lasuoːm smsɔm
‘bear’ *kawãːp kawap kawip kaweːp –
‘sweet’ *gəhɛːt gəhɛt bhɛt bhɛt gɛhɛt (Temoq)

Phonological correspondences

Proto-Aslian appears to have some phonological rime correspondences with Nancowry, suggesting that there could be a Southern Austroasiatic branch or linkage that includes Aslian and Nicobaric. Gérard Diffloth (2008) presents the following comparisons (as quoted in Sidwell 2021).

Gloss Proto-Aslian Nancowry
‘house-fly’ *ruəj juəj
‘wasp’ *gr-tuəʔ tũəʔ
‘child’ *kuən kuən
‘to scratch’ *kuɔc koac
‘dream’ *-mpuɔʔ ʔinfoaʔ
‘fingernail’ *c-(n)r-uɔs kisoah
‘four’ *puɔn foan

See also

References

  1. ^ Phillips, Timothy C. 2012. Proto-Aslian: towards an understanding of its historical linguistic systems, principles and processes. Ph.D. thesis, Institut Alam Dan Tamadun Melayu Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi.
  2. ^ a b Sidwell, Paul (2021). "Classification of MSEA Austroasiatic languages". The Languages and Linguistics of Mainland Southeast Asia. De Gruyter. pp. 179–206. doi:10.1515/9783110558142-011. ISBN 9783110558142. S2CID 242599355.
  3. ^ Diffloth, Gérard. 2008. Proto-Aslian diphthongs and historical parallels in other Austroasiatic languages. Paper presented at the 18th Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistic Society, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, 22 May.
  • Phillips, Timothy C. 2012. Proto-Aslian: towards an understanding of its historical linguistic systems, principles and processes. Ph.D. thesis, Institut Alam Dan Tamadun Melayu Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi.
  • Sidwell, Paul and Felix Rau (2015). "Austroasiatic Comparative-Historical Reconstruction: An Overview." In Jenny, Mathias and Paul Sidwell, eds (2015). The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages. Leiden: Brill.
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