In today's world, Proto-Munda language has become a recurring topic that covers various areas of interest. From politics to technology, culture and society in general, Proto-Munda language has captured the attention of millions of people around the world. Its importance and relevance cannot be underestimated, and its impact is felt at all levels of society. In this article, we will explore different aspects of Proto-Munda language, from its origin to its influence on people's daily lives. We will analyze its evolution over time and examine its implications for the future.
| Proto-Munda | |
|---|---|
| Reconstruction of | Munda languages |
Reconstructed ancestor | |
Proto-Munda is the reconstructed proto-language of the Munda languages of South Asia. It has been reconstructed by Sidwell & Rau (2015). According to Sidwell, the Proto-Munda language split from Proto- Austroasiatic in Indochina and arrived on the coast of Odisha around 4000 – 3500 years ago.
The following Proto-Munda lexical proto-forms have been reconstructed by Sidwell & Rau (2015: 319, 340-363). Two asterisks are given to denote the tentative, preliminary state of the proto-language reconstruction.
| Gloss | Proto-Munda |
|---|---|
| belly | **(sə)laɟ |
| big | **məraŋ |
| to bite | **kaˀp |
| black | **kE(n)dE |
| blood | **məjam |
| bone | **ɟaːˀŋ |
| to burn (vt.) | **gEˀp |
| claw/nail | **rəmAj |
| cloud | **tərIˀp |
| cold | **raŋ |
| die (of a person) | **gOˀj |
| dog | **sOˀt |
| to drink (water) | **uˀt, **uˀk |
| dry (adj./stat.) | **(ə)sAr |
| ear | **lutur, **luˀt |
| earth/soil | **ʔOte |
| to eat | **ɟOm |
| egg | **(ə)tAˀp |
| eye | **maˀt |
| fat/grease/oil | **sunum |
| feather | **bəlEˀt |
| fire | **səŋal |
| fish (n.) | **ka, **kadO(ŋ) |
| fly (v.) | **pEr |
| foot | **ɟəːˀŋ |
| give | **ʔam |
| hair (of head) | **suˀk |
| hand | **tiːˀ |
| to hear/listen | **ajɔm |
| heart, liver | **(gə)rE, **ʔim |
| horn | **dəraŋ |
| I | **(n)iɲ |
| to kill | **(bə)ɡOˀɟ |
| leaf | **Olaːˀ |
| to lie (down) | **gətiˀc |
| long | **ɟəlƏŋ |
| louse (head) | **siːˀ |
| man/husband, person/human | **kOrOˀ |
| meat/flesh | **ɟəlU(Uˀ) |
| moon | **harkE, **aŋaj |
| mountain/hill | **bəru(uˀ) |
| mouth | **təmOˀt |
| name | **ɲUm |
| neck | **kO, **gOˀk |
| new | **təmI |
| night | **(m)ədiˀp |
| nose | **muːˀ |
| not | **əˀt |
| one | **mOOˀj |
| rain | **gəma |
| red | **ɟəŋAˀt |
| road, path | **kOrA |
| root (of a tree) | **rEˀt |
| sand | **kEˀt |
| see | **(n)El |
| sit | **kO |
| skin | **usal |
| sleep | **gətiˀc |
| smoke (n.) | **mOˀk |
| to speak, say | **sun, **gam, **kaj |
| to stand | **tənaŋ, **tƏŋgə |
| stone | **bərƏl, **sərEŋ |
| sun | **siŋi(iˀ) |
| tail | **pata |
| thigh | **buluuˀ |
| that (dist.) | **han |
| this (prox.) | **En |
| thou/you | **(n)Am |
| tongue | **laːˀŋ |
| tooth | **gənE |
| tree | **ɟiːˀ |
| two | **baːˀr |
| to walk, go | **sEn |
| to weave | **ta(aˀ)ɲ |
| water | **daːˀk |
| woman/wife | **selA, **kəni |
| yellow | **saŋsaŋ |
Proto-Munda reconstruction has since been revised and improved by Rau (2019).