Voiceless bilabial plosive
In today's world, Voiceless bilabial plosive has become a topic of great interest and debate. Whether due to its impact on society, its relevance in politics or its influence in the cultural sphere, Voiceless bilabial plosive has captured the attention of millions of people around the world. This article aims to explore various facets of Voiceless bilabial plosive and shed light on its importance and implications in different areas. From its origin to its evolution over time, including its influence on people's daily lives, Voiceless bilabial plosive has become a topic that we cannot ignore. Through in-depth analysis, this article seeks to provide a holistic view of Voiceless bilabial plosive and its impact on today's society.
| Voiceless bilabial plosive | |
|---|---|
| p | |
| IPA Number | 101 |
| Audio sample | |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) | p |
| Unicode (hex) | U+0070 |
| X-SAMPA | p |
| Braille |  |
The voiceless bilabial plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound used in most spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨p⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is p.
Features
Features of the voiceless bilabial plosive:
- Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a plosive.
- Its place of articulation is bilabial, which means it is articulated with both lips.
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, the central–lateral dichotomy does not apply.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Varieties
| IPA | Description |
|---|---|
| p | plain p |
| pʰ | aspirated p |
| pˠ | velarized p |
| pʲ | palatalized p |
| pʷ | labialized p |
| p̚ | p with no audible release |
| p̌ | voiced p |
| p͈ | tense p |
| pʼ | ejective p |
Occurrence
The stop /p/ is missing from about 10% of languages that have a /b/. (See voiced velar stop for another such gap.) This is an areal feature of the circum-Saharan zone (Africa north of the equator plus the Arabian peninsula). It is not known how old this areal feature is, and whether it might be a recent phenomenon due to Arabic as a prestige language (Arabic shifted /p/ to /f/ but the timing of this change is not known), or whether Arabic was itself affected by a more ancient areal pattern. It is found in other areas as well; for example, Fijian, Onge, and many Papuan languages have /b/ but no /p/.
Nonetheless, the /p/ sound is very common cross-linguistically. Most languages have at least a plain /p/, and some distinguish more than one variety. Many Indo-Aryan languages, such as Hindustani, have a two-way contrast between the aspirated /pʰ/ and the plain /p/ (also transcribed as in extensions to the IPA).
Examples
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adyghe | паӏо/paio | ⓘ | 'hat' | ||
| Arabic | Algerian | پاپيش/pāpīš | 'beautiful girls' | ||
| Hejazi | بول/پول/pōl | 'Paul' | Only used in loanwords, transcribed and pronounced as ⟨ب⟩ by many speakers. | ||
| Egyptian | كبش/kabš | 'ram' | Allophone of before unvoiced consonants. Also used in loanwords. | ||
| Armenian | Eastern | պապիկ/papik | ⓘ | 'grandpa' | Contrasts with aspirated form |
| Assyrian | ܦܬܐ pata | 'face' | |||
| Basque | harrapatu | 'to catch' | |||
| Bengali | পথ | 'road' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Bengali phonology | ||
| Catalan | por | 'fear' | See Catalan phonology | ||
| Chuvash | путене/putene | 'quail' | |||
| Czech | pes | 'dog' | See Czech phonology | ||
| Danish | Standard | bog | 'book' | Usually transcribed in IPA with ⟨b̥⟩ or ⟨b⟩. It may be partially voiced [b] in the intervocalic position. It contrasts with aspirated form, which is usually transcribed in IPA with ⟨pʰ⟩ or ⟨p⟩. See Danish phonology | |
| Dutch | plicht | 'duty' | See Dutch phonology | ||
| English | pack | 'pack' | See English phonology | ||
| Esperanto | tempo | 'time' | See Esperanto phonology | ||
| Filipino | pato | 'duck' | |||
| Finnish | pappa | 'grandpa' | See Finnish phonology | ||
| French | pomme | 'apple' | See French phonology | ||
| Gan Chinese | Nanchangnese | 把戲 | 'magic' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Nanchangnese phonology | |
| German | Pack | 'pile' | See Standard German phonology | ||
| Greek | πόδι / pódi | 'leg' | See Modern Greek phonology | ||
| Gujarati | પગ/pag | 'foot' | See Gujarati phonology | ||
| Hakka Chinese | Meizhounese | 河壩 / ho² ba⁴ | 'river' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Meizhounese phonology | |
| Hebrew | פּקיד/pakid | 'clerk' | See Modern Hebrew phonology | ||
| Hindustani | Urdu | پل/pal | 'moment' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hindustani phonology | |
| Hindi | पल / pal | ||||
| Hungarian | pápa | 'pope' | See Hungarian phonology | ||
| Italian | papà | 'dad' | See Italian phonology | ||
| Japanese | ポスト / posuto | 'mailbox' | See Japanese phonology | ||
| Kabardian | пэ/pė | ⓘ | 'nose' | ||
| Khmer | ពន្យល់ / pônyól | 'to explain' | See Khmer phonology | ||
| Korean | 빛 / bit | 'light' | See Korean phonology | ||
| Kurdish | Northern | por | 'hair' | See Kurdish phonology | |
| Central | پیرۆزە/píroze | 'lammergeier' | |||
| Southern | پۊنگه/pûûnga | 'pennyroyal' | |||
| Lakota | púza | 'dry' | |||
| Lithuanian | pastatas | 'building' | See Lithuanian phonology | ||
| Luxembourgish | bëlleg | 'cheap' | Less often voiced [b]. It is usually transcribed /b/, and contrasts with voiceless aspirated form, which is usually transcribed /p/. See Luxembourgish phonology | ||
| Macedonian | пее/pee | 'sing' | See Macedonian phonology | ||
| Malay | panas | 'hot' | Often unreleased in syllable codas so /p/ is read as instead in lembap 'damp'. See Malay phonology | ||
| Maltese | aptit | 'appetite' | |||
| Mandarin | Dungan | бонцу | 'to assist' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Dungan phonology | |
| Nanjingnese | 半大子 | 'teenager' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Nanjingnese phonology | ||
| Sichuanese | 不算事 / bu² suan⁴ si⁴ | 'ineffective' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Sichuanese phonology | ||
| Standard | 爆炸 / bàozhà | ⓘ | 'to explode' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Standard Chinese phonology | |
| Xi'annese | 迸 | 'mattock' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Xi'annese phonology | ||
| Marathi | पाऊस/paa'uus/pā'ūs | 'rain' | See Marathi phonology | ||
| Min Chinese | Hokkien | 咖啡 / ko-pi | 'coffee' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hokkien phonology | |
| Teochew | 僻 / piah4 | 'remote' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Teochew phonology | ||
| Fuzhounese | 白撞 / băh-dâung | 'trespasser' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Fuzhounese phonology | ||
| Mutsun | po·čor | 'a sore' | |||
| Nepali | पिता/pitā | 'father' | See Nepali phonology | ||
| Norwegian | pappa | 'dad' | See Norwegian phonology | ||
| Odia | ପଥର/pathara | 'stone' | Contrasts with aspirated form. | ||
| Pashto | پانير/pa'nir | 'cheese' | |||
| Persian | پول/pul | 'money' | |||
| Pirahã | pibaóí | 'otter' | |||
| Polish | pas | ⓘ | 'belt' | See Polish phonology | |
| Portuguese | pai | 'father' | See Portuguese phonology | ||
| Punjabi | ਪੱਤਾ/pattaa/pattā | 'leaf' | |||
| Romanian | pas | 'step' | See Romanian phonology | ||
| Russian | плод/plod | 'fruit' | Contrasts with palatalized form. See Russian phonology | ||
| Serbo-Croatian | пиће / piće | 'drink' | See Serbo-Croatian phonology | ||
| Slovak | pes | 'dog' | |||
| Slovene | pes | 'dog' | See Slovene phonology | ||
| Spanish | peso | 'weight' | See Spanish phonology | ||
| Swahili | pombe | 'beer' | |||
| Swedish | apa | 'monkey' | See Swedish phonology | ||
| Telugu | పని | 'work' | Contrasts with aspirated form in old Telugu. However aspirated form is almost always pronounced as voiceless labiodental fricative in modern Telugu. | ||
| Thai | แป้ง/paeng | 'powder' | See Thai phonology | ||
| Tsez | пу/pu | 'side' | Contrasts with ejective form. | ||
| Turkish | kap | 'pot' | See Turkish phonology | ||
| Ukrainian | павук/pavuk | 'spider' | See Ukrainian phonology | ||
| Vietnamese | nhíp | 'tweezers' | See Vietnamese phonology | ||
| Welsh | siop | 'shop' | See Welsh phonology | ||
| West Frisian | panne | 'pan' | |||
| Wu Chinese | Shanghainese | 司必靈 / sy-piq-lin | 'spring' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Shanghainese phonology | |
| Suzhounese | 標緻 / piau¹-tsyu⁵ | 'pretty' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Suzhounese phonology | ||
| Wenzhounese | 眼淚八汁 / nga⁴-lei⁶-po⁷-tsai⁷ | 'tear' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Wenzhounese phonology | ||
| Yi | ꀠ / ba | 'exchange' | Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. | ||
| Yue Chinese | Cantonese | 豬頭丙 / zyu¹ tau⁴ bing² | 'blockhead' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Cantonese phonology | |
| Taishanese | 白 | 'white' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Taishanese phonology | ||
| Central Alaskan Yup'ik | panik | 'daughter' | |||
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan | pan | 'bread' | ||
See also
Notes
- ^ Dum-Tragut (2009:17)
- ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:53)
- ^ Basbøll (2005:61)
- ^ Goblirsch (2018), pp. 134–5, citing Fischer-Jørgensen (1952) and Abrahams (1949, pp. 116–21, 228–30).
- ^ Puggaard-Rode, Horslund & Jørgensen (2022).
- ^ Gussenhoven (1992:45)
- ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993:73)
- ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)
- ^ Okada (1999), p. 117.
- ^ a b Gilles & Trouvain (2013:67–68)
- ^ Jassem (2003:103)
- ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
- ^ Padgett (2003:42)
- ^ Landau et al. (1999), p. 66.
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:255)
- ^ Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
- ^ Thompson (1959:458–461)
- ^ Merrill (2008:108)
References
- Abrahams, Henrik (1949), Études phonétiques sur les tendances évolutives des occlusives germaniques, Aarhus University Press
- Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 0-203-97876-5
- Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618, S2CID 249411809
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223, S2CID 249414876
- Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995), Ukrainian, Lincom Europa, ISBN 9783929075083
- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
- Fischer-Jørgensen, Eli (1952), "Om stemtheds assimilation", in Bach, H.; et al. (eds.), Festskrift til L. L. Hammerich, Copenhagen: G. E. C. Gad, pp. 116–129
- Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "Illustrations of the IPA:French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874, S2CID 249404451
- Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
- Goblirsch, Kurt (2018), Gemination, Lenition, and Vowel Lengthening: On the History of Quantity in Germanic, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1-107-03450-1
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- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
- Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
- Okada, Hideo (1999), "Japanese", in International Phonetic Association (ed.), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117–119, ISBN 978-0-52163751-0
- Padgett, Jaye (2003), "Contrast and Post-Velar Fronting in Russian", Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 21 (1): 39–87, doi:10.1023/A:1021879906505, S2CID 13470826
- Puggaard-Rode, Rasmus; Horslund, Camilla Søballe; Jørgensen, Henrik (2022), "The rarity of intervocalic voicing of stops in Danish spontaneous speech", Laboratory Phonology, 13 (1), doi:10.16995/labphon.6449, hdl:1887/3304670
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