Manjak language
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| Manjak | |
|---|---|
| Manjáku | |
| Native to | Guinea-Bissau, Senegal, and the Gambia |
| Ethnicity | Manjack |
Native speakers | 320,000 (2021–2022)[1] |
| Dialects |
|
| Latin | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | mfv |
| Glottolog | mand1419 |
Manjak or Manjack (French: Manjak, Manjaque; Portuguese: Manjaco) or Njak is a Bak language of Guinea-Bissau and Senegal. The language is also known as Kanyop.
In 2006, the total number of speakers was estimated at 315,300, including 184,000 in Guinea-Bissau, 105,000 in Senegal and 26,300 in The Gambia.
Dialects
The Manjak dialects below are distinct enough that some might be considered separate languages.[citation needed]
- Bok (Babok, Sarar, Teixeira Pinto, Tsaam)
- Likes-Utsia (Baraa, Kalkus)
- Cur (Churo)
- Lund
- Yu (Pecixe, Siis, Pulhilh)
- Unhate (Binhante, Bissau)
The Manjak dialects listed by Wilson (2007) are[2]
- Canchungo (kancuŋuʔ) – central dialect
- Baboque (babɔk) (formerly Teixeira Pinto) – eastern dialect
- Churo (cuur) – northern dialect
- Pecixe (locally called pəhlihl; otherwise pəsiis), on an island to the south
- Calequisse (kaləkiis), to the west of Canchungo
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Post- alveolar |
(Alveolo-) palatal |
Velar | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||
| Plosive/ Affricate |
voiceless | p | t | t̠͡ɹ̠̊˔ | t͡ɕ | k |
| voiced | b | d | d͡ʑ | ɡ | ||
| prenasal vl. | ᵐp | ⁿt | ⁿt̠͡ɹ̠̊˔ | ᶮt͡ɕ | ᵑk | |
| prenasal vd. | ᵐb | ⁿd | ᶮd͡ʑ | ᵑɡ | ||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | s | (ɕ) | ||
| voiced | (ʑ) | |||||
| Lateral | l | |||||
| Approximant | w | j | ||||
- Sounds are heard in free-fluctuation with affricates /t͡ɕ, d͡ʑ/ in all positions except following nasals.
- Sounds /b, d, ɡ/ may also be lenited as when in intervocalic or word-final positions. /d/ can also be heard as a trill in free variation with when in word-final positions.
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Close-mid | ɪ ~ e | ə | ʊ ~ o |
| Open-mid | ɛ | ɐ | ɔ |
| Open | a |
Only vowels /u/ and /a/ may also have lengthened equivalents; /uː/ and /aː/.
- Sounds /ɪ, ʊ/ may also range to more mid sounds in free variation.
- /ɐ/ may have a central allophone as .
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| Close-mid | iə | uə |
| Open-mid | iɐ | uɐ |
- Sounds /iə, uə/ may have some fluctuation with lengthened sounds .[3]
Writing system
The official spelling system for Manjak established by the Senegalese government is regulated by Decree No. 2005-983 of 21 October 2005.
| A | B | C | D | E | Ë | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | Ñ | Ŋ | O | P | R | S | Ŝ | T | U | W | Y | Z | |
| a | b | c | d | e | ë | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | m | n | ñ | ŋ | o | p | r | s | ŝ | t | u | w | y | z |
References
- ^ Manjak at Ethnologue (27th ed., 2024)
- ^ Wilson, William André Auquier. 2007. Guinea Languages of the Atlantic group: description and internal classification. (Schriften zur Afrikanistik, 12.) Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
- ^ Karlik, Jan (1972). A Manjako grammar with special reference to the nominal group. University of London.
Further reading
- Karlik, Jan (1972). A Manjako Grammar with Special Reference to the Nominal Group (PhD thesis). University of London.
External links
- Decree no. 2005-983 of 21 October 2005 relating to the spelling and the separation of words in Manjakú Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine via the website of the Journal officiel.
| Official language | ||
|---|---|---|
| Indigenous languages | ||
| Sign languages | ||
| Immigrant languages | ||
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