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Voiced palatal approximant

Today, Voiced palatal approximant is a topic that generates great interest and debate in society. People are eager to learn more about this topic, whether because of its relevance today, its impact on daily life or its historical significance. From different areas, Voiced palatal approximant is approached and analyzed from different perspectives, offering a multidimensional vision that enriches the understanding of the topic. In this article, we will explore in detail the different aspects of Voiced palatal approximant, providing an in-depth look that allows the reader to understand the importance and scope of this topic today.

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For consonants followed by superscript ʲ, see Palatalization (phonetics).
Voiced palatal approximant
j
ʝ̞ (ʝ᫛)
IPA number153
Audio sample
Encoding
Entity (decimal)j
Unicode (hex)U+006A
X-SAMPAj
Braille⠚ (braille pattern dots-245)

A voiced palatal approximant is a type of consonant used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨j⟩; the equivalent symbol in the Americanist phonetic notation is ⟨y⟩. In order to not imply that the approximant is spread as the vowel is, it may instead be transcribed ⟨ʝ̞⟩. When this sound occurs in the form of a palatal glide it is frequently, but not exclusively, denoted as a superscript j ⟨ʲ⟩ in IPA.

This sound is traditionally called a yod,[1] after its name in Hebrew. This is reflected in the names of certain phonological changes, such as yod-dropping and yod-coalescence.

A palatal approximant is often the semivocalic equivalent of a close front unrounded vowel . They alternate with each other in certain languages, such as French, and in the diphthongs of some languages as ⟨j⟩ and ⟨i̯⟩, with the non-syllabic diacritic used in some phonetic transcription systems to represent the same sound.

Phonetic ambiguity and transcription usage

Some languages, however, have a palatal approximant that is unspecified for rounding and so cannot be considered the semivocalic equivalent of either or its rounded counterpart, [y], which would normally correspond to [ɥ]. An example is Spanish, which distinguishes two palatal approximants: an approximant semivowel , which is always unrounded (and is a phonological vowel - an allophone of /i/), and an approximant consonant unspecified for rounding, (which is a phonological consonant). Eugenio Martínez Celdrán describes the difference between them as follows (with audio examples added):[2]

is shorter and is usually a merely transitory sound. It can only exist together with a full vowel and does not appear in syllable onset. has a lower amplitude, mainly in F2. It can only appear in syllable onset. It is not noisy either articulatorily or perceptually. can vary towards [ʝ] in emphatic pronunciations, having noise (turbulent airstream). (...) There is a further argument through which we can establish a clear difference between and : the first sound cannot be rounded, not even through co-articulation, whereas the second one is rounded before back vowels or the back semi-vowel. Thus, in words like viuda ⓘ 'widow', Dios ⓘ 'God', vio ⓘ 's/he saw', etc., the semi-vowel is unrounded; if it were rounded, a sound that does not exist in Spanish, [ɥ], would appear. On the other hand, is unspecified as far as rounding is concerned and it is assimilated to the labial vowel context: rounded with rounded vowels, e.g. ayuda ⓘ 'help', coyote ⓘ 'coyote', hoyuelo ⓘ 'dimple', etc., and unrounded with unrounded vowels: payaso ⓘ 'clown', ayer ⓘ 'yesterday'.

Celdrán also considers that "the IPA shows a lack of precision in the treatment it gives to approximants, if we take into account our understanding of the phonetics of Spanish. and are two different segments, but they have to be labelled as voiced palatal approximant consonants. I think that the former is a real consonant, whereas the latter is a semi-consonant, as it has traditionally been called in Spanish, or a semi-vowel, if preferred. The IPA, though, classifies it as a consonant."[3]

There is a parallel problem with transcribing voiced velar approximants.

In the writing systems used for most languages of Central, Northern, and Eastern Europe, the letter j denotes a palatal approximant, as in German Jahr 'year', which is followed by IPA. Although it may be seen as counterintuitive for English-speakers, there are a few words with that orthographical spelling in certain loanwords in English like Hebrew "hallelujah" and German "Jägermeister".

In grammars of Ancient Greek, a palatal approximant, which was lost early in the history of Greek, is sometimes written as ⟨ι̯⟩, an iota with the inverted breve below, which is the nonsyllabic diacritic or marker of a semivowel.[4]

A voiced alveolar-palatal approximant is attested as phonemic in the Huastec language.

Features

Features of a voiced palatal approximant:

  • Its manner of articulation is approximant, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce a turbulent airstream. The most common type of this approximant is glide or semivowel. The term glide emphasizes the characteristic of movement (or 'glide') of from the [i] vowel position to a following vowel position. The term semivowel emphasizes that, although the sound is vocalic in nature, it is not 'syllabic' (it does not form the nucleus of a syllable). For a description of the approximant consonant variant used e.g. in Spanish, see above.
  • Its place of articulation is palatal, which means it is articulated with the middle or back part of the tongue raised to the hard palate. The otherwise identical post-palatal variant is articulated slightly behind the hard palate, making it sound slightly closer to the velar [ɰ].
  • Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
  • It is a median consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream down the midline of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  • Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Palatal

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Adyghe ятӀэ / yat'a ⓘ 'dirt'
Afrikaans ja 'yes' See Afrikaans phonology
Arabic Standard يوم / yawm 'day' See Arabic phonology
Aragonese[5] caye 'falls' Unspecified for rounding approximant consonant; the language also features an unrounded palatal approximant semivowel (which may replace /ʝ̞/ before /e/).[5]
Armenian Eastern[6] յուղ / yuq 'fat'
Assamese মানৱীয়তা / manowiyota 'humanity'
Assyrian ܝܡܐ / yama 'sea'
Azerbaijani yuxu 'dream'
Basque bai 'yes'
Bengali নয়ন / noyon 'eye' A phonetic merger of the non-syllabic front vowels /i̯ e̯/. See Bengali phonology
Bulgarian майка / majka 'mother' See Bulgarian phonology
Catalan[7] All dialects feia 'I did' See Catalan phonology
Some dialects jo 'I'
Chechen ялх / yalx 'six'
Chinese Cantonese 日 / jat9 'day' See Cantonese phonology
Mandarin 鸭 (鴨) / yā 'duck' See Mandarin phonology
Chuvash йывӑҫ / yıvëş 'tree'
Czech je ⓘ 'is' See Czech phonology
Danish jeg 'I' See Danish phonology
Dutch Standard[8] ja ⓘ 'yes' Frequently realized as a fricative [ʝ], especially in emphatic speech.[8] See Dutch phonology
English you 'you' See English phonology
Esperanto jaro 'year' See Esperanto phonology
Estonian jalg 'leg' See Estonian phonology
Finnish jalka 'leg' See Finnish phonology
French yeux 'eyes' See French phonology
German Standard[9][10] Jacke 'jacket' Also described as a fricative [ʝ][11][12] and a sound variable between a fricative and an approximant.[13] See Standard German phonology
Greek Ancient Greek εἴη / éiē 's/he shall come' See Ancient Greek phonology
Hebrew ילד / yeled 'kid' See Modern Hebrew phonology
Hindustani यान / یان / yán 'vehicle' See Hindustani phonology
Hungarian játék 'game' See Hungarian phonology
Irish[14] ghearrfadh 'would cut' See Irish phonology
Ingush ялат / jalat 'grain' See Ingush phonology
Italian[15] ione 'ion' See Italian phonology
Jalapa Mazatec[16] [example needed] Contrasts voiceless /j̊/, plain voiced /j/ and glottalized voiced /ȷ̃/ approximants.[16]
Japanese 焼く / yaku 'to bake' See Japanese phonology
Kabardian йи / yi 'game'
Kazakh Яғни / yağni 'so'
Khmer យំ / yom 'to cry' See Khmer phonology
Korean 여섯 / yeoseot 'six' See Korean phonology
Latin iacere 'to throw' See Latin spelling and pronunciation
Lithuanian[17] ji 'she' Also described as a fricative [ʝ].[18][19] See Lithuanian phonology
Macedonian крај / kraj 'end' See Macedonian phonology
Malay sayang 'love'
Maltese jiekol 'he eats'
Mapudungun[20] kayu 'six' May be a fricative [ʝ] instead.[20]
Marathi यश / yaš 'success'
Nepali याम / yam 'season' See Nepali phonology
Norwegian Urban East[21][22] gi 'to give' May be a fricative [ʝ] instead.[22][23] See Norwegian phonology
Odia ସମୟ / samaya 'time'
Persian یزد / Yäzd 'Yazd' See Persian phonology
Polish[24] jutro ⓘ 'tomorrow' See Polish phonology
Portuguese[25] boia 'buoy', 'float' Allophone of both /i/ and /ʎ/,[26] as well as a very common epenthetic sound before coda sibilants in some dialects. See Portuguese phonology
Punjabi ਯਾਰ / yár 'friend'
Romanian iar 'again' See Romanian phonology
Russian[27] яма / jama 'pit' See Russian phonology
Serbo-Croatian[28] југ / jug 'South' See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Slovak[29] jesť 'to eat' See Slovak phonology
Slovene jaz 'I'
Solos yas 'up' See Alphabet section in Solos language
Spanish[30] Standard ayer ⓘ 'yesterday' Unspecified for rounding approximant consonant; the language also features an unrounded palatal approximant semivowel.[30] Contrast with /j/. See Spanish phonology
tierra ⓘ 'earth'
Rioplatense hielo 'ice'
Swedish jag 'I' May be realized as a palatal fricative [ʝ] instead. See Swedish phonology
Tagalog maya 'sparrow'
Tamil யானை 'elephant' See Tamil phonology
Telugu యాతన / yatana 'agony'
Turkish[31] yol 'way' See Turkish phonology
Turkmen ýüpek 'silk'
Ubykh ајәушқӏa / ajëwšq'a 'you did it' See Ubykh phonology
Ukrainian їжак / ïžak 'hedgehog' See Ukrainian phonology
Vietnamese Southern dialects de 'cinnamon' Corresponds to northern /z/. See Vietnamese phonology
Washo dayáʔ 'leaf' Contrasts voiceless /j̊/ and voiced /j/ approximants.
Welsh iaith 'language' See Welsh phonology
West Frisian jas 'coat' See West Frisian phonology
Zapotec Tilquiapan[32] yan 'neck'

Post-palatal (pre-velar) approximant

Voiced post-palatal approximant
j᫢
ɰ᫈
ȷ̈
Audio sample

There is also a post-palatal or pre-velar approximant in some languages, which is articulated more back than the place of articulation of the prototypical palatal approximant but less far back than the prototypical velar approximant. It can be considered the semivocalic equivalent of the close central unrounded vowel . The International Phonetic Alphabet does not have a separate symbol for that sound, but it can be transcribed as ⟨j̠⟩, ⟨j᫢⟩ (a retracted ⟨j⟩), ⟨ɰ̟⟩ or ⟨ɰ᫈⟩ (an advanced ⟨ɰ⟩). Other possible transcriptions include ⟨ȷ̈⟩ (a centralized ⟨j⟩), ⟨ɰ̈⟩ (a centralized ⟨ɰ⟩), and ⟨ɨ̯⟩ (a non-syllabic ⟨ɨ⟩). The para-IPA symbol ⟨ɉ⟩ (a barred ⟨j⟩) may also be used to represent this approximant.[33]

Features

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Spanish[34] seguir ⓘ 'to follow' Lenited allophone of /ɡ/ before front vowels;[34] typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɣ⟩. See Spanish phonology
Turkish Standard prescriptive[35] düğün 'wedding' Either post-palatal or palatal; phonetic realization of /ɣ/ (also transcribed as /ɰ/) before front vowels.[35] See Turkish phonology

Nasal

Nasalized voiced palatal approximant
j̃
Audio sample
Encoding
X-SAMPAj~

A nasalized voiced palatal approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in some oral languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨j̃⟩.

Features

Features of a nasal palatal approximant:

Occurrence

, written ⟨ny⟩,[citation needed] is a common realization of /j/ before nasal vowels in many languages of West Africa that do not have a phonemic distinction between voiced nasal and oral stops, such as Yoruba, Ewe and Bini languages.

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Nheengatu nheẽ 'to speak' Influenced Brazilian Portuguese ⟨nh⟩ sound. Sometimes written with ⟨ñ⟩
Hindustani[36] संयम / sanyama 'patience' Allophone of /n/ before . See Hindustani phonology
Kaingang[37] 'brave' Possible word-initial realization of /j/ before a nasal vowel.[38]
Lombard bisògn de 'need for (something)' Allophone of /ɲ/ before a consonant. See Lombard phonology
Louisiana Creole[39] sinñin sɛ̃j̃ɛ̃ 'bleed' Intervocalic allophone of /ɲ/
Polish[40] państwo ⓘ 'state, country' Allophone of /ɲ/ before fricatives. See Polish phonology
Portuguese Brazilian[41] sonho 'dream' Allophone of /ɲ/ between vowels, nasalizes the preceding vowel. Language's original /ɲ/ sound.[42][43] See Portuguese phonology
Most dialects[44] cães 'dogs' Allophone of j after nasal vowels.
Some dialects[42] me ame! 'love me!' Non-syllabic allophone of /i/ between nasal sounds.
Shipibo[45] [example needed] Allophone of /j/ after nasal vowels.[45]
Spanish Zwolle-Ebarb[46] año 'year' Allophone of /ɲ/ between vowels, nasalizing the preceding vowel.
Other dialects, occasional in rapid, unguarded speech[47] niños 'kids' Allophone of /ɲ/. Because nasality is retained and there is no potential merger with any other Spanish phonemes, this process is rarely noticed, and its geographical distribution has never been determined.
Sakha айыы 'sin, transgression' /ȷ̃/ is not distinguished from /j/ in the orthography.[48]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Glain, Olivier (2012). "The yod /j/: palatalise it or drop it! How Traditional Yod Forms are disappearing from Contemporary English" (PDF). Cercles. 22. Jean Monnet University: 4–24. Archived from the original on 2016-03-23. Retrieved 2016-03-23.
  2. ^ Martínez Celdrán (2004), p. 208.
  3. ^ Martínez Celdrán (2004), p. 206.
  4. ^ Smyth (1920), p. 11.
  5. ^ a b Mott (2007), pp. 105–106.
  6. ^ Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 13.
  7. ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 53.
  8. ^ a b Collins & Mees (2003), p. 198.
  9. ^ Kohler (1999), p. 86.
  10. ^ Moosmüller, Schmid & Brandstätter (2015), p. 340.
  11. ^ Mangold (2005), p. 51.
  12. ^ Krech et al. (2009), p. 83.
  13. ^ Hall (2003), p. 48.
  14. ^ Ó Sé (2000), p. 17.
  15. ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 117.
  16. ^ a b Silverman et al. (1995), p. 83.
  17. ^ Mathiassen (1996), pp. 22–23.
  18. ^ Augustaitis (1964), p. 23.
  19. ^ Ambrazas et al. (1997), pp. 46–47.
  20. ^ a b Sadowsky et al. (2013), p. 91.
  21. ^ Kristoffersen (2000), pp. 22 and 25.
  22. ^ a b Vanvik (1979), p. 41.
  23. ^ Kristoffersen (2000), p. 74.
  24. ^ Jassem (2003), p. 103.
  25. ^ Delta: Documentation of studies on theoric and applied Linguistics – Problems in the tense variant of carioca speech (in Portuguese).
  26. ^ The acoustic-articulatory path of the lateral palatal consonant's allophony(in Portuguese). Pages 223 and 228.
  27. ^ Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015), p. 223.
  28. ^ Landau et al. (1999), p. 67.
  29. ^ Pavlík (2004), p. 106.
  30. ^ a b Martínez Celdrán (2004), p. 205.
  31. ^ Zimmer & Orgun (1999), p. 154.
  32. ^ Merrill (2008), p. 108.
  33. ^ L2/24-171: Miscellaneous historical and para-IPA modifier letters
  34. ^ a b Canellada & Madsen (1987), p. 21.
  35. ^ a b Zimmer & Orgun (1999), p. 155.
  36. ^ Canepari (2005:335)
  37. ^ Jolkesky (2009:676, 681)
  38. ^ Jolkesky (2009:681)
  39. ^ Klingler, Thomas A.; Neumann-Holzschuh, Ingrid (2013). "Louisiana Creole". In Michaelis, Susanne Maria; Maurer, Philippe; Haspelmath, Martin; Huber, Magnus (eds.). The survey of pidgin and creole languages. Vol. 2: Portuguese-based, Spanish–based, and French-based languages. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-967770-2.
  40. ^ Gussman (2007)
  41. ^ Perini (2002:?)
  42. ^ a b Portuguese vinho: diachronic evidence for biphonemic nasal vowels
  43. ^ Mattos e Silva (1991:73)
  44. ^ Vigário (2003:77)
  45. ^ a b Valenzuela, Márquez Pinedo & Maddieson (2001:283)
  46. ^ Stark (1980:170)
  47. ^ Lipski, John M. (1989). "Spanish yeísmo and the palatal resonants: Towards a unified analysis" (PDF). Probus. 1 (2). doi:10.1515/prbs.1989.1.2.211. S2CID 170139844.
  48. ^ "Yakut (Sakha) language and alphabet". omniglot.com. Retrieved 2024-08-01.

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