Alveolar consonant

In this article, we will explore the various facets of Alveolar consonant, analyzing its impact in different contexts and its influence on today's society. From its origins to the present, Alveolar consonant has played a fundamental role in people's daily lives, being a topic of interest and debate in multiple areas. Through an in-depth and detailed analysis, we will examine the key aspects that make Alveolar consonant a relevant topic worthy of study. From its implications in culture and history, to its connection with technology and current events, this article aims to offer a comprehensive and complete vision of Alveolar consonant, with the aim of providing a broader and enriching understanding of this topic.

Alveolar
◌͇

Alveolar (/ælˈviːələr/; UK also /ælviˈoʊlər/) consonants are articulated with the tongue against or close to the superior alveolar ridge, which is called that because it contains the alveoli (the sockets) of the upper teeth. Alveolar consonants may be articulated with the tip of the tongue (the apical consonants), as in English, or with the flat of the tongue just above the tip (the "blade" of the tongue; called laminal consonants), as in French and Spanish.

The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) does not have separate symbols for the alveolar consonants. Rather, the same symbol is used for all coronal places of articulation that are not palatalized like English palato-alveolar sh, or retroflex. To disambiguate, the bridge (, etc.) may be used for a dental consonant, or the under-bar (, etc.) may be used for the postalveolars. differs from dental in that the former is a sibilant and the latter is not. differs from postalveolar in being unpalatalized.

The bare letters , etc. cannot be assumed to specifically represent alveolars. The language may not make such distinctions, such that two or more coronal places of articulation are found allophonically, or the transcription may simply be too broad to distinguish dental from alveolar. If it is necessary to specify a consonant as alveolar, a diacritic from the Extended IPA may be used: , etc., though that could also mean extra-retracted. The letters ⟨s, t, n, l⟩ are frequently called 'alveolar', and the language examples below are all alveolar sounds.

(The Extended IPA diacritic was devised for speech pathology and is frequently used to mean "alveolarized", as in the labioalveolar sounds , where the lower lip contacts the alveolar ridge.)

In IPA

Alveolar consonants are transcribed in the IPA as follows:

IPA Description Example
Language Orthography IPA Meaning in English
n̥ voiceless alveolar nasal Burmese နှာ 'nose'
n voiced alveolar nasal English run
t voiceless alveolar plosive English top
d voiced alveolar plosive English debt
t͡s voiceless alveolar affricate German Zeit time
d͡z voiced alveolar affricate Italian zaino backpack
s voiceless alveolar fricative English suit
z voiced alveolar fricative English zoo
t͡ɬ voiceless alveolar lateral affricate Tsez элIни winter
d͡ɮ voiced alveolar lateral affricate Pa Na 'deep'
ɬ voiceless alveolar lateral fricative Welsh llwyd grey
ɮ voiced alveolar lateral fricative Zulu dlala to play
θ̠ voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative Irish English Italy
ð̠ voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative Scouse English maid
ɹ voiced alveolar approximant English red
l alveolar lateral approximant English loop
ɫ velarized alveolar lateral approximant English milk
ɺ̥ voiceless alveolar lateral flap Karu 'that'
ɺ voiced alveolar lateral flap Venda 'to open'
ɾ̥ voiceless alveolar flap Icelandic hrafn 'raven'
ɾ voiced alveolar tap English better
r̥ voiceless alveolar trill Konda 'anthill'
r voiced alveolar trill Spanish perro 'dog'
tʼ alveolar ejective Georgian ტიტა 'tulip'
t͡sʼ alveolar ejective affricate Chechen цIе 'name'
sʼ alveolar ejective fricative Amharic ጼጋ
t͡ɬʼ alveolar lateral ejective affricate Navajo tłʼóoʼdi '(at) the outside'
ɬ’ alveolar lateral ejective fricative Adyghe плӀы 'four'
ƭ voiceless alveolar implosive Mam t'ut'an 'finish'
ɗ voiced alveolar implosive Vietnamese đã Past tense indicator
k͡ǃ q͡ǃ
ɡ͡ǃ ɢ͡ǃ
ŋ͡ǃ ɴ͡ǃ 		apical alveolar clicks (many distinct consonants) Nama !oas hollow
k͡ǁ q͡ǁ
ɡ͡ǁ ɢ͡ǁ
ŋ͡ǁ ɴ͡ǁ 		alveolar lateral clicks (many distinct consonants) Nama ǁî discussed

Lack of alveolars

There are no languages which have no alveolars at all. The alveolar or dental consonants and are, along with , the most common consonants in human languages. Nonetheless, there are a few languages that lack them. A few languages on Bougainville Island and around Puget Sound, such as Makah, lack nasals and therefore , but have . Colloquial Samoan, however, lacks both and , but it has a lateral alveolar approximant /l/. (Samoan words written with t and n are pronounced with and in colloquial speech.) In Standard Hawaiian, is an allophone of /k/, but /l/ and /n/ exist.

Labioalveolar consonants

In labioalveolars, the lower lip contacts the alveolar ridge. Such sounds are typically the result of a severe overbite. In the Extensions to the IPA for disordered speech, they are transcribed with the alveolar diacritic on labial letters: ⟨m͇ p͇ b͇ f͇ v͇⟩.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "alveolar". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
    "alveolar". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary.
  2. ^ "ALVEOLAR | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary". Cambridge Dictionary.
    "alveolar". CollinsDictionary.com. HarperCollins.
  3. ^ E.g. in Laver (1994) Principles of Phonetics, p. 559–560
  4. ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 111.
  5. ^ Chen, Qiguang . 2001. "A Brief Introduction of Bana Language ". Minzu Yuwen.
  6. ^ Ian Maddieson and Sandra Ferrari Disner, 1984, Patterns of Sounds. Cambridge University Press

References

Wikious
Boobota
Sagapedia