Pakpak language
In this article, we are going to delve into the fascinating world of Pakpak language. From its origins to its influence on today's society, we will explore all the relevant aspects related to this topic. Over the next few lines, we will analyze its impact in different areas, its evolution over time, as well as its possible implications in the future. We will address both its positive and negative aspects, with the goal of giving the reader a more complete and balanced understanding of Pakpak language. Join us on this tour and discover everything there is to know about this fascinating topic.
| Pakpak | |
|---|---|
| Kata Pakpak | |
| Native to | Indonesia |
| Region | Sumatra (northern) |
| Ethnicity | Pakpak, Singkil |
Native speakers | (1.2 million cited 1991)[1] |
| Batak | |
| Official status | |
| Regulated by | Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | btd |
| Glottolog | bata1294 |
Pakpak, or Batak Dairi, is an Austronesian language of Sumatra. It is spoken in Dairi Regency, Pakpak Bharat Regency, Pakkat, Parlilitan, and Tarabintang districts in Humbang Hasundutan Regency, Manduamas district in Central Tapanuli Regency, Subulussalam City, and Aceh Singkil Regency.
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||
| Plosive/ Affricate |
voiceless | p | t | tʃ | k | |
| voiced | b | d | dʒ | ɡ | ||
| Fricative | s | h | ||||
| Trill | r | |||||
| Lateral | l | |||||
| Semivowel | w | j | ||||
- A word-final /k/ can also be heard as a glottal stop [ʔ].
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Mid | e, ɛ | ə | o |
| Open | a |
- Vowels /i, u, e, o/ can have shortened allophones of .[2]
- To differentiate between the three e sounds, , Manik used ⟨é⟩ for , ⟨è⟩ for , and ⟨e⟩ for .[3]
References
- ^ Pakpak at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ Simbolon, Apul; Tinambunan, Raman; Pardede, Bertha (1978). Fonologi bahasa Batak Dairi. Medan: Proyek Penelitian Institut Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link) - ^ Manik 1977, p. 6.
Further reading
- Manik, Tindi Radja (1977). Kamus bahasa Dairi Pakpak - Indonesia (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa.
- Sembiring, Matius C.A.; Aiyub, T.; Amillah, R.; Perangin-angin, P. (1993). Morfologi dan Sintaksis Bahasa Pakpak Dairi [Morphology and Syntax of the Pakpak Dairi Language] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. ISBN 979-459-293-5 – via repositori.kemdikbud.go.id.
- Basaria, Ida (2002). Analisis Morfologi Verba Bahasa Pakpak Dairi [Morphological Analysis of Pakpak Dairi Language Verbs] (Thesis) (in Indonesian). Universitas Sumatera Utara.
- Kudadiri, Amhar (2010). Morfologi Nomina Bahasa Pakpak [Noun Morphology of the Pakpak Language] (Thesis) (in Indonesian). Universitas Sumatera Utara.
- Brakel-Papenhuijzen, Clara (2014). Dairi Stories and Pakpak Storytelling. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. doi:10.1163/9789004261730. ISBN 978-90-04-26173-0.
- Pangaribuan, Mintauli (2017). Analisis Morfologi Verba Transitif Bahasa Pakpak Dairi [Morphological Analysis of Transitive Verbs in the Pakpak Dairi Language] (Thesis) (in Indonesian). Universitas Sumatera Utara.
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