Mongondow language
Today we will talk about Mongondow language, a topic that has sparked interest and debate in recent times. Mongondow language is a topic of great relevance today, which has captured the attention of people of all ages and interests. This article will address different aspects related to Mongondow language, from its origin and evolution, to its implications in today's society. Through a detailed analysis, we will explore the various perspectives and opinions on Mongondow language, with the aim of offering a complete and objective view on this topic. Without a doubt, Mongondow language is a fascinating topic that many people are curious about, and this article seeks to provide a deeper understanding of it.
| Mongondow | |
|---|---|
| Bolaang Mongondow | |
| Native to | Indonesia |
| Region | North Sulawesi |
| Ethnicity | Mongondow people |
Native speakers | 230,000 (2000 census) |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | mog |
| Glottolog | mong1342 |
Mongondow, or Bolaang Mongondow, is one of the Philippine languages spoken in Bolaang Mongondow Regency and neighbouring regencies of North Sulawesi (Celebes) and Gorontalo Provinces, Indonesia. With more than 200,000 speakers, it is the major language of the regency. Historically, it served as the official language of the Bolaang Mongondow Kingdom.
There is some lexical influence from Malay and Ternate, as well as the Indonesian national language. It is a threatened language, with a shift to Manado Malay in the younger generation. The moribund Lolak language has borrowed much of its lexicon from Mongondow, but appears to be more closely related to Gorontalo.
Phonology
Mongondow has the following phoneme inventory:
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Mid | e | o | |
| Open | a |
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | k | ʔ | |
| voiced | b | d | (d͡ʒ) | ɡ | ||
| Fricative | s | h | ||||
| Lateral | l | |||||
| Rhotic | r | |||||
| Approximant | w | j | ||||
The lateral /l/ is pronounced as alveolar when adjacent to the front vowels /e/, /i/. In all other environments, it is a retroflex .
Grammar
Pronouns
| nominative | genitive | oblique | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1.sg. | akuoy | -ku | inako' |
| 2.sg. | iko | -mu | inimu |
| 3.sg. | sia | -ea/-nya | inia |
| 1.pl.inclusive | kita | -naton | inaton |
| 1.pl.exclusive | kami | -nami | inami |
| 2.pl. | mo'iko kamu-* |
-monimu -namu-* |
imonimu -inamu-* |
| 3.pl. | mosia taya-* |
-monia -naya-* |
imonia inaya-* |
| * kamu-, taya- etc. are used with suffixed numerals, e.g. taya-tolu 'the three of them' | |||
Numerals
References
- ^ Mongondow at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ Christopher Moseley (2008). Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-1357-9640-2.
- ^ Sneddon (1991), p. 301.
- ^ Dunnebier (1929a), p. 312.
- ^ Sneddon (1989), p. 92.
- ^ Babcock (1990), p. 192.
- ^ Usup et al. (1981), p. 213.
- ^ Korompot, Chairil Anwar (10–11 September 2008), "Menyelamatkan Bahasa Bolaang-Mongondow", Tribun Totabuan (in Indonesian)
- ^ Sneddon (1991).
- ^ Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2019), "Lolak", Ethnologue: Languages of the World (22 ed.), Dallas, Texas: SIL International, archived from the original on 2019-06-06
- ^ Dunnebier (1929a), p. 297.
- ^ Dunnebier (1929a), pp. 317–324.
- ^ Dunnebier (1930), pp. 105–111.
- ^ Dunnebier (1930), pp. 75ff..
Bibliography
- Dunnebier, W. (1929a). "Spraakkunst van het Bolaang Mongondowsch" [Bolaang Mongondow Grammar]. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde (in Dutch). 85 (1): 297–468. doi:10.1163/22134379-90001486.
- Dunnebier, W. (1929b). "Spraakkunst van het Bolaang Mongondowsch (Tweede gedeelte)" [Bolaang Mongondow Grammar (second part)]. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde (in Dutch). 85 (1): 524–621. doi:10.1163/22134379-90001490.
- Dunnebier, W. (1930). "Spraakkunst van het Bolaang Mongondowsch (Slot)" [Bolaang Mongondow Grammar (final part)]. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde (in Dutch). 86 (1): 42–177. doi:10.1163/22134379-90001466.
- Sneddon, J.N. (1989). "The North Sulawesi microgroups: In search of higher level connections". In Sneddon, J.N. (ed.). Studies in Sulawesi Linguistics I. NUSA 31. Jakarta: Badan Penyelenggara Seri NUSA. pp. 83–107.
- Sneddon, J.N. (1991). "The position of Lolak". In Harlow, Ray (ed.). VICAL 2. Western Austronesian and Contact Languages. Papers from the Fifth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics. Auckland: Linguistic Society of New Zealand. pp. 299–318. ISBN 0-908928-00-9. OCLC 59606647.
- Usup, Hunggu Tadjuddin; Rompas, Henkie; Kuhon, J.; Moningkey-Rumambi, S.V.; Toding Datu, M.M.; Rattu, A.B.G. (1981). Morfologi dan Sintaksis bahasa Bolaang Mongondow (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. OCLC 568558060.
- Babcock, Tim (1990). "History: Colonial Stronghold in the North". In Volkman, Toby Alice; Caldwell, Ian (eds.). Sulawesi: Island Crossroads of Indonesia. Lincolnwood: Passport Books. pp. 192–193. ISBN 0-8442-9906-5. OCLC 26056424.
External links
- Website about Mongondow grammar
- Mead, David, "Mongondow", Sulawesi Language Alliance
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