Help:IPA/Latin

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This is the pronunciation key for IPA transcriptions of Latin on Wikipedia. It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Latin in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishing consensus on the talk page first. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between , / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

Shortcut H:IPA-LAH:IPA-LA

Wikipedia key to pronunciation of Latin

The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Classical Latin and Ecclesiastical Latin pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

See Latin phonology and orthography and Latin regional pronunciation for a more thorough look at the sounds of Latin.

Key

Consonants IPA Latin alphabet Examples English approximation Class. Eccl. b b bellum bean d d decem deck dz z zēlus adds dʒ g gēns giant f f faciō fan ɡ g gravis gear h h habeō her or hour j i j jūvo yes k c, k caput scar kʰ ch charta car kʷ qu quattuor squash l l lītus leave ɫ l multus all m m manus man n n noster next ŋ longus song g ignis ɲ gn ignis onion p p pāx span pʰ ph pharetra pan r r regiō trilled or tapped r s s sum between sip and ship (retracted) ʃ sc scindō ship t t tabula stone tʰ th thalamus tone ts t portiō Botswana tʃ c centum change w u uerbum west v v vest z z zēlus between zone and genre (retracted) s miserēre

Vowels IPA Latin alphabet Examples English approximation Class. Eccl. a a anima pasta aː ā ācer, āctus father ɛ e est met e ae/æ oe/œ e eː ē ēlēctus Scottish made ɪ i incipit mit i i y īra, mīlle mead iː ī ɔ o omnis off o o story (short) oː ō ōrdō story (long) ʊ u urbs put u u lūna cool (short) uː ū cool (long) ʏ y cyclus roughly like root (some dialects; short); French tu yː ȳ cȳma roughly like root (some dialects; long); German über Vowels that precede vowels e eV mea Scottish mate i iV Italia peace Diphthongs ae̯ ae caelum sigh oe̯ oe poena boy au̯ au aurum cow ei̯ ei deinde saying eu̯ eu seu hello as pronounced by Elmer Fudd: hewwo; Spanish euro ui̯ ui cui booyah; Gruyère Nasal vowels ◌̃ː um un mōnstrum long nasal vowels Prosody IPA Examples Explanation ˈ Gāius stress (placed before the stressed syllable) . syllable marker, generally between vowels in hiatus

See also

• Category:Pages with Latin IPA (396)

Notes

1. ^ Geminate (double) consonants are written with a doubled letter except for /jj/ and /ww/: anus , annus . In IPA, they may be written as double or be followed by the length sign: /nn/ or /nː/.
2. ^ ^{a b c d e f g} Only found in Greek loanwords.
3. ^ ^{a b c d} In Classical Latin, ⟨c g t⟩ are always pronounced hard, as . In Ecclesiastical Latin, ⟨c g sc⟩ are pronounced as soft before the front vowels ⟨e i y ae oe⟩, and unstressed ⟨ti⟩ before a vowel is pronounced .
4. ^ ^{a b c d} In Classical Latin, ⟨i u⟩ represent the vowels /ɪ iː/ and /ʊ uː/, and the consonants /j/ and /w/. Between consonants or when marked with macrons or breves, ⟨i u⟩ are vowels. In some spelling systems, /j w/ are written with the letters ⟨j v⟩. In other cases, consult a dictionary.
   • Consonantal ⟨i⟩, between vowels, stands for doubled /jj/: cuius . The vowel before the double /jj/ is usually short, but it is sometimes marked with a macron. When a prefix is added to a word beginning in /j/, the /j/ is usually single: trā-iectum .
   • /w/ is doubled between vowels only in Greek words, such as Euander .
   In Ecclesiastical Latin, ⟨i⟩ represents the vowel /i/, ⟨j⟩ represents the consonant /j/, ⟨u⟩ represents the vowel /u/ or (in the combinations ⟨gu su qu⟩) the consonant /w/, and ⟨v⟩ represents the fricative /v/.
5. ^ /l/ has two allophones in Classical Latin. The clear occurs when geminated to /ll/ and before the vowels /ɪ/ and /iː/, as well as before /ʏ/ and /yː/. Elsewhere, a dark (velarized) occurs: at the end of a word, before another consonant, and before all other native vowels, including /ɛ/ and /eː/.
6. ^ ^{a b c} In Classical Latin, the combination of a vowel and ⟨m⟩ at the end of a word, or a vowel and ⟨n⟩ before ⟨s⟩ or ⟨f⟩, represents a long nasal vowel.
7. ^ ^{a b c} In both Classical and Ecclesiastical Latin, ⟨n⟩ is pronounced as before /k, ɡ/. The digraph ⟨gn⟩ is pronounced as in Classical Latin, but in Ecclesiastical Latin.
8. ^ ^{a b} In Ecclesiastical Latin, ⟨s⟩ between vowels is often pronounced .
9. ^ Classical Latin has long and short vowels. If vowel length is marked, long vowels are marked with macrons, ⟨ā, ē, ī, ō, ū, ȳ⟩, and short vowels with breves, ⟨ă, ĕ, ĭ, ŏ, ŭ, y̆⟩. Ecclesiastical Latin does not distinguish between long and short vowels.
10. ^ ^{a b} Also most forms of Irish English and Northern England English (excluding Scouse and Mancunian)
11. ^ ^{a b} These dialects include modern Received Pronunciation and most forms of English English (with some exceptions such as Yorkshire), Australian, New Zealand, White South African, Scottish, Ulster, Southern American, Midland American, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Western Pennsylvania and California English. Other dialects of English, such as Northern American, New York City, New England, African American Vernacular, Welsh and Republic of Ireland English, have no close equiavalent vowel.
12. ^ In Classical Latin, short ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩ have a more closed articulation, and when they occur before another vowel, instead of their normal Classical values of and .
13. ^ In words of two syllables, the stress is on the first syllable. In words of three or more syllables, the stress is on the penultimate syllable if heavy, and on the antepenultimate syllable otherwise. There are some exceptions, most caused by contraction or elision.
14. ^ This does not indicate a glottal stop ; glottal stops are not reconstructed for Latin prosody in word-internal hiatus.