Help:IPA/Punjabi

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This is the pronunciation key for IPA transcriptions of Punjabi on Wikipedia. It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Punjabi in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishing consensus on the talk page first. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between , / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

Shortcut H:IPA-PAH:IPA-PA

Wikipedia key to pronunciation of Punjabi

This page contains Indic text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks or boxes, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text.

This page contains the Shahmukhi character lam with tah above. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols.

The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Punjabi, specifically Standard Punjabi, pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

See Punjabi phonology, Gurmukhi, and Shahmukhi for a more thorough discussion of the sounds of Punjabi.

Consonants IPA Examples English Approximation Gurmukhi Shahmukhi ISO 15919 b ਬੂਹਾ ਸਭ بوہا سَبھ būhā sabh butter d ਦਿੱਤਾ دِتّا dittā duck then d͡ʒ ਜਦੋਂ ਮਾਝ جدوں ماجھ jadõ mājh jug ɖ ਡੰਗਰ ਕੱਢ ڈَنگر کڈھ ḍaṅgar kaḍḍh guard (Rhotic dialects) ɡ ਗੱਡੀ گڈّی gaḍḍī gut ɦ ਹਾਏ ہائے hāē ahead j ਯਾਰੀ یاری yārī yuck k ਕਿੱਥੇ ਘਰ کِتّھے گھر kitthē ghar scab kʰ ਖੰਡ کھنڈ khaṇḍ cab l ਉਲਾਂਭਾ الانبھا ulāṉbhā leaf ɭ ਰੌਲ਼ਾ رَولؕا rauḷā garlic (Rhotic dialects) m ਮਸੀਤ مسِیت masīt much n ਨੂੰਹ نُونہہ nū̃h panther ɳ ਸੋਹਣਾ سوہݨا sōhṇā burn ɲ ਉਂਜ اُنج uñj canyon ŋ ਕੰਗਣ کنگݨ kaṅgaṇ bang p ਪਰ ਭਰਿਆ پَر بھریا par bhariyā spot pʰ ਫੁੱਲ پُھلّ‎ phull pot ɾ ਵਾਰੀ واری wārī American atom ɽ ਕੂੜ کُوڑ kūṛ garter (Rhotic dialects) s ਸਾਡਾ ساڈا sāḍā sun t ਤਿੱਲੜ ਧੀ تِلّڑ دھی tillaṛ dhī stub but dental think tʰ ਓਥੇ اوتھے othē tub but dental t͡ʃ ਚੜ੍ਹਦਾ ਝੂਠ چڑھدا جُھوٹھ caṛhdā jhūṭh catch t͡ʃʰ ਛੱਡ چھڈّ‎ chaḍḍ choose ʈ ਸੱਟ ਢੀਠ سٹّ ڈِھیٹھ saṭṭa ḍhīṭh carts ʈʰ ਕਾਠ کاٹھ kāṭh American partake ʋ ਵਹੁਟੀ وَوہٹی vauhṭī vat Marginal consonants f ਫ਼ੇਰ فیر fēr fuss ɣ ਕਾਗ਼ਜ਼ کاغَذ kāġaz similar to a French r q ਕ਼ਲਮ قلَم qalam somewhat like caught r ਮੁਕ਼ੱਰਰ مُقرّر muqarrar trilled r, like in Castillian Spanish ʃ ਹੋਸ਼ ہوش hōś shoe x ਖ਼ਾਲਿਸ خالِص k͟hālis Scottish Loch z ਹਜ਼ਾਰ ہزار hazār zoo ʒ ਅਝ਼ਦਹਾ اژدہا aždahā fusion

Vowels IPA Examples English Approximation Gurmukhi Shahmukhi ISO 15919 ə ਕਮ کم kam about aː ਨਾਲ نال nāḷ father e ਵਾਹਿਗੁਰੂ واہِگرو wāhiguru say (shortened ē) eː ਜੇਬ جیب jēb say ɛ ਰਹਿੰਦਾ رہندا rahandā pen ɛː ਪੈਂਦਾ پَیندا painda fairy ɪ ਇਮਲੀ اِملی imlī sit iː ਈਖ اِیکھ īkh seat i ਕੀਤੀ کیتی kītī happy o ਉਹਨਾਂ اوہناں uhnā̃ story (short) oː ਕਰੋੜ کروڑ karōṛ story (long) ɔ ਔਖਾ اَوکھا aukhā off (short) ɔː ਕੌਣ کَوݨ kauṇ off (long) (General American) ʊ ਤੁਕ تُک tuk foot uː ਸੂਤ سُوت sūt cool (short) u ਦੂਜਾ دُوجا dūjā cool (short) ◌̃ ਬਾਂਸ بان٘س bām̐s nasal vowel faun (, etc.) ਮੈਂ میں maiṁ Suprasegmentals IPA Example Notes ˈ◌ stress (placed before stressed syllable) ◌ː doubled consonant (placed after doubled consonant) á, é, ... ਕੋੜ੍ਹਾ کوڑھا koṛhā 'leper' rising or high tone à, è, ... ਘੋੜਾ گھوڑا ghoṛā 'horse' falling or low tone

Notes

1. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Punjabi contrast dental and with apical postalveolar and (as well as aspirated variants). Both sets sound like /t/ and /d/ to most English speakers although the dental and are used in place of the English /θ/ and /ð/ for some speakers with th-stopping.
2. ^ occurs as an allophone of when /व و/ is in an onglide position between an onset consonant and a following vowel while , which may phonetically be , occurs otherwise.
3. ^ Bhardwaj, Mangat (25 August 2016). Panjabi: A Comprehensive Grammar. Routledge. p. 390. ISBN 978-1-317-64326-5. Almost all Panjabi speakers (and many Urdu speakers as well) pronounce the first two of these words with k instead of q.
4. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Long vowels are shortened in closed syllables.
5. ^ ^{a b} /iː/ and /uː/ are neutralised to at the end of a word.
6. ^ In Gurmukhi, ih and uh are usually read as /éː/ (ē with rising tone) and /óː/ (ō with rising tone) respectively.

1. ^ In some dialects, word-initial and intervocalic /j/ is pronounced as /d͡ʒ/ (only in native words).
2. ^ ^{a b c d e} In some dialects, the voiceless aspirates /pʰ/, /t͡ʃʰ/ and /kʰ/ shift into fricatives /f/, /ɕ/ and /x/ respectively.
3. ^ ^{a b} Often considered an allophone of l and n in the Shahmukhi alphabet, though pronounced.
4. ^ ^{a b} /ɾ/ can surface as either a tap or trill .
5. ^ In some dialects, /ʋ/ can shift to /b/ (only in native words). This is more common word-initially.
6. ^ ^{a b c d e f g} Not considered a native sound (nor a native letter in Gurmukhi, hence are represented with Gurmukhi characters paired with the Nuqta - unlike Shahmukhi, for which the original letters from Persian (derived from the Arabic script) are used) and present only in loanwords or words derived from loanwords. The phonology is, however, retained in urban speech. In rural dialects, /ɣ/ is sometimes substituted with /ɡ/; /f/ with /pʰ/; /q/ with /k/; /ʃ/ with /s/; /x/ with /kʰ/; and /z, ʒ/ with /d͡ʒ/. In some cases, words may shift to develop these non-native phonemes, e.g. phir > ਫ਼ੇਰ / فیر fer, supnā > ਸੁਫ਼ਨਾ / سُفنا sufnā, rākśas > ਰਾਖ਼ਸ਼ / راخش rāk͟haś.
7. ^ /ʃ/ is considered a native sound in Lahnda dialects and Western Majhi, used in words like śī̃h which otherwise would become sī̃h.
8. ^ The sound /ʒ/ in Punjabi is very rare so most speakers do not pronounce it correctly (especially in India as Gurmukhi lacks a standard symbol to represent it) and opt to replace it with /d͡ʒ/, /z/ or even /s/.

See also

• Category:Pages with Punjabi IPA (221)