Voiceless uvular fricative
In today's world, Voiceless uvular fricative is a topic that has gained unprecedented relevance. Both on a personal and global level, Voiceless uvular fricative has become one of the main concerns of society, generating debates, research and significant changes in different areas. From the scientific to the cultural sphere, the presence of Voiceless uvular fricative has left its mark on the way we live, think and interact with our environment. Therefore, it is imperative to fully explore the implications and consequences of Voiceless uvular fricative, as well as reflect on possible solutions and strategies to address the challenges it poses. In this article, we will delve into the wide spectrum of aspects related to Voiceless uvular fricative, with the aim of providing a critical and enriching look at this topic that is so relevant today.
| Voiceless uvular fricative | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| χ | |||
| IPA Number | 142 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | χ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+03C7 | ||
| X-SAMPA | X | ||
| Braille |   | ||
| |||
The voiceless uvular fricative is a type of consonantal sound that is used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨χ⟩, the Greek chi. The sound is represented by ⟨x̣⟩ (ex with underdot) in Americanist phonetic notation. It is sometimes transcribed with ⟨x⟩ (or ⟨r⟩, if rhotic) in broad transcription.
Most languages claimed to have a voiceless uvular fricative may actually have a voiceless uvular fricative trill (a simultaneous and [ʀ̥]). Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996) note that there is "a complication in the case of uvular fricatives in that the shape of the vocal tract may be such that the uvula vibrates."
Although they are not normally differentiated in study, languages in which they have been (Hebrew, Wolof, as well as the northern and central varieties of European Spanish) have been found to specifically possess the fricative trill. It can be transcribed as ⟨ʀ̝̊⟩ (a devoiced and raised uvular trill) in IPA. It is found as either the fortis counterpart of /ɣ/ (which itself is voiceless at least in Northern Standard Dutch: [x]) or the sole dorsal fricative in Northern SD and regional dialects and languages of the Netherlands (Dutch Low Saxon and West Frisian) spoken above the rivers Rhine, Meuse and Waal (sometimes termed the Rotterdam–Nijmegen Line). A plain fricative that is articulated slightly further front, as either medio-velar or post-palatal is typical of dialects spoken south of the rivers (mainly Brabantian and Limburgish but excluding Ripuarian and the dialect of Bergen op Zoom), including Belgian SD. In those dialects, the voiceless uvular fricative trill is one of the possible realizations of the phoneme /r/. See Hard and soft G in Dutch for more details.
The frication in the fricative trill variant sometimes occurs at the middle or the back of the soft palate (termed velar or mediovelar and post-velar, respectively), rather than the uvula itself. This is the case in Northern Standard Dutch as well as some varieties of Arabic, Limburgish and Madrid Spanish. It may thus be appropriate to call those variants voiceless (post)velar-uvular fricative trill as the trill component is always uvular (velar trills are not physically possible). The corresponding IPA symbol is ⟨ʀ̝̊˖⟩ (a devoiced, raised and advanced uvular trill, where the "advanced" diacritic applies only to the fricative portion of the sound). Thus, in cases where a dialectal variation between voiceless uvular and velar fricatives is claimed the main difference between the two may be the trilling of the uvula as frication can be velar in both cases - compare Northern Dutch acht 'eight' (with a postvelar-uvular fricative trill) with Southern Dutch or , which features a non-trilled fricative articulated at the middle or front of the soft palate.
For a voiceless pre-uvular fricative (also called post-velar), see voiceless velar fricative.
Features
Features of the voiceless uvular fricative:
- Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is uvular, which means it is articulated with the back of the tongue (the dorsum) at the uvula.
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afrikaans | goed | 'good' | Varies between a fricative and a fricative trill when word-initial. See Afrikaans phonology. | ||
| Arabic | خضراء ḵaḍrāʾ | 'green' (f.) | Fricative trill with velar frication. May be transcribed in IPA with ⟨x⟩. See Arabic phonology | ||
| Armenian | խաղ xaġ | 'game' | |||
| Chuvash | хăна hăna | 'guest' | |||
| Danish | Standard | pres | 'pressure' | Before /r/, aspiration of /p, t, k/ is realized as devoicing of /r/. Usually transcribed in IPA with ⟨ʁ⟩. See Danish phonology. | |
| Dutch | Standard Northern | acht | 'eight' | Fricative trill with post-velar frication. May be transcribed in IPA with ⟨x⟩. See Dutch phonology and Hard and soft G in Dutch | |
| Belgian | brood | 'bread' | Voiced when following a vowel. Realization of /r/ varies considerably among dialects. See Dutch phonology | ||
| English | Scouse | clock | 'clock' | Possible word-final realization of /k/; varies between a fricative and a fricative trill. | |
| neck | 'neck' | ||||
| Welsh | Amlwch | 'Amlwch' | Occurs only in loanwords from Welsh; usually transcribed in IPA with ⟨x⟩. See English phonology | ||
| White South African | gogga | 'insect' | Less commonly velar [x], occurs only in loanwords from Afrikaans and Khoisan. Usually transcribed in IPA with ⟨x⟩. See White South African English phonology and English phonology. | ||
| French | très | 'very' | Allophone of /ʁ/ in contact with voiceless consonants. See French phonology | ||
| German | Standard | Dach | 'roof' | Appears only after certain back vowels. See Standard German phonology | |
| Chemnitz dialect | Rock | 'skirt' | In free variation with [ʁ̞], [ʁ], [ʀ̥] and [q]. Does not occur in coda. | ||
| Lower Rhine | Wirte | 'hosts' | In free variation with [ɐ] between a vowel and a voiceless coronal consonant. | ||
| Hebrew | מֶלֶך mélekh | 'king' | Usually a fricative trill. See Modern Hebrew phonology. | ||
| Limburgish | Some dialects | waor | 'was' | Allophone of /r/ that has been variously described as occurring in the syllable coda and word-final. May be only partially devoiced; frication may be uvular or post-velar. The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect. See Maastrichtian dialect phonology and Hard and soft G in Dutch | |
| Luxembourgish | Zuch | 'train' | See Luxembourgish phonology. | ||
| Low German | Dutch Low Saxon | acht | 'eight' | Fricative trill with post-velar frication; voiceless counterpart of /ɣ/. May be transcribed in IPA with ⟨x⟩. See Hard and soft G in Dutch | |
| Portuguese | General Brazilian | rompimento | 'rupture' (noun) | Some dialects, corresponds to rhotic consonant /ʁ/. See Portuguese phonology. | |
| Ripuarian | ach | 'eight' | Allophone of /x/ after back vowels. Fronted to [ç] or [ʃ] after front vowels and consonants. It may be transcribed in IPA with ⟨x⟩. See Colognian phonology, Kerkrade dialect phonology and Hard and soft G in Dutch | ||
| Spanish | European | ojo | ⓘ | 'eye' | Fricative trill; frication is velar in Madrid. Occurs in northern and central varieties. Most often, it is transcribed with ⟨x⟩ in IPA. See Spanish phonology. |
| Ponce dialect | perro | 'dog' | This and [ʀ̥] are the primary realizations of /r/ in this dialect. See Spanish phonology. | ||
| Tlingit | -dáx̱ | 'from, out of' | Occurs plain, labialised, ejective, and labialised ejective. | ||
| Turkmen | gahar | 'snow' | |||
| Upper Sorbian | brach | 'fault' | Fricative trill. | ||
| Welsh | chwech | ⓘ | 'six' | See Welsh phonology. | |
| West Frisian | berch | 'mountain' | Fricative trill with post-velar frication; voiceless counterpart of /ɣ/. Never occurs in word-initial positions. May be transcribed in IPA with ⟨x⟩. See West Frisian phonology | ||
| Wolof | sax | Fricative trill. | |||
| Yiddish | איך ikh | 'I' | See Yiddish phonology. | ||
See also
Notes
- ^ a b c Laufer (1999), p. 98.
- ^ a b c Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 167.
- ^ a b c d "Castilian Spanish - Madrid by Klaus Kohler".
- ^ a b c d Lyons (1981), p. 76.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Collins & Mees (2003:191). Goeman & Van de Velde (2001) have also found that frication is much more commonly in the velar region in dialects and language varieties with "hard G", though they do not distinguish between trilled and non-trilled fricatives in their study.
- ^ a b c d Gussenhoven (1999), p. 74.
- ^ a b Tops (2009), pp. 25, 30–32, 63, 80–88, 97–100, 105, 118, 124–127, 134–135, 137–138, 140–141.
- ^ a b Verhoeven (1994:?), cited in Tops (2009:22, 83)
- ^ a b c d e Heijmans & Gussenhoven (1998), p. 108.
- ^ a b c d e Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), p. 156.
- ^ a b c Verhoeven (2007), p. 220.
- ^ a b c Thelwall & Sa'Addedin (1999), pp. 51, 53.
- ^ a b c "John Wells's phonetic blog: velar or uvular?". 5 December 2011. Retrieved 30 April 2015.
- ^ a b c Bowerman (2004:939): "White South African English is one of very few varieties to have a velar fricative phoneme /x/ (see Lass (2002:120)), but this is only in words borrowed from Afrikaans (...) and Khoisan (...). Many speakers use the Afrikaans uvular fricative rather than the velar."
- ^ Basbøll (2005), pp. 62, 65–66.
- ^ Basbøll (2005), pp. 65–66.
- ^ Tops (2009), p. 83.
- ^ a b Wells (1982), pp. 372–373.
- ^ a b Wells (1982), p. 389.
- ^ Tench (1990), p. 132.
- ^ Wells (1982), p. 619.
- ^ Hall (1993:100), footnote 7, citing Kohler (1990)
- ^ a b c Khan & Weise (2013), p. 235.
- ^ Hall (1993), p. 89.
- ^ Gilles & Trouvain (2013), p. 68.
- ^ Barbosa & Albano (2004), pp. 5–6.
- ^ a b Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997), p. 17.
- ^ a b Bodelier (2011), p. 19.
- ^ a b "ProQuest Document View - The Spanish of Ponce, Puerto Rico: A phonetic, phonological, and intonational analysis".
- ^ a b Howson (2017), p. 362.
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